Cette these traite de la migration de processus dans les systemes massivement paralleles. L'interet d'une telle fonctionnalite est de permettre a un systeme d'exploitation une gestion efficace des ressources. Les criteres de conception sont la transparence de la migration, la reduction des couts induits, et l'adequation entre les algorithmes de migration et l'extensibilite des architectures cibles. La migration d'un processus vers un nouveau processeur necessite la suspension du processus, le transfert de son contexte d'execution et la reprise de l'execution sur le nouveau processeur. De plus, les protocoles de communication et d'acces doivent etre reconsideres afin de tenir compte de la migration de processus. Pour ces differentes actions et selon les criteres de conception retenus, de nouveaux algorithmes ont ete proposes. La mise en oeuvre de ces algorithmes dans le noyau de systeme Parallele ParX nous a permis de montrer que la realisation d'un mecanisme de migration de processus dans un systeme massivement parallele peut s'effectuer sans penaliser les performances du systeme de facon significative. Enfin, nous avons propose un algorithme de repartition de charge qui utilise la migration de processus. Compare a un algorithme uniquement fonde sur le placement des processus, les experimentations effectuees montrent que notre algorithme ameliore les temps de reponse du systeme grace a la migration de processus. Cette amelioration est obtenue lorsque les temps d'execution et d'inter-creation des processus sont variables et le cout de migration negligeable par rapport a la duree d'execution des processus.

L'objectif de cette these est d'etudier les mecanismes que doit offrir une plate-forme repartie pour permettre l'implantation efficace des objets persistants, et d'appliquer les resultats de cette etude au systeme Guide. Ce travail s'est plus particulierement inscrit dans la phase de conception et de realisation de la seconde version de ce systeme, appelee Guide-2. Dans ce cadre, un accent particulier a porte sur la modularite de la realisation, sur l'ouverture de la plate-forme, sur l'utilisation des nouvelles architectures de systemes telle que la technologie micro-noyau, ainsi que sur la fiabiliti ginerale du systeme. Notre proposition integre de maniere coherente et efficace un ensemble de mecanismes nicessaire ` la mise en oeuvre de la persistance et assurant la fiabilite de ce support en presence de panne.

O ecótipo André da Rocha de Paspalum notatum destaca-se por apresentar um elevado potencial produtivo em relação a muitos ecótipos da espécie, por esta razão, objetivou-se com este trabalho quantificar os processos morfogênicos que resultam no maior acúmulo de biomassa, bem como, quantificar a distribuição da biomassa em plantas desenvolvidas isoladamente em diferentes doses de nitrogênio. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação na Faculdade de Agronomia da UFRGS e utilizaram-se vasos de Leonard com solução nutritiva completa, com exceção do N, o qual foi adicionado como NH4NO3 para atingir as doses de 37,5, 75, 150 e 300mg N/vaso. Utilizou-se sete repetições de uma planta por vaso em delineamento completamente casualizado. A taxa de surgimento de folhas respondeu positivamente ao incremento na disponibilidade de N. A taxa de expansão foliar, o número médio de folhas verdes por perfilho, a taxa de perfilhamento, a taxa de expansão do rizoma e seu tamanho final foram igualmente afetados positivamente com a adição de N, enquanto o comprimento médio final da folha e a duração de vida da folha não foram afetados. Após 110 dias de crescimento, as plantas foram separadas nos componentes raízes, rizomas, e parte aérea. Os componentes que mais responderam ao aumento do N foram a produção da parte subterrânea (raízes + rizomas), que aumentou 68%, e a produção de perfilhos, que aumentou em dez vezes. A biomassa de folhas completamente expandidas na haste principal foi maior somente na dose mais alta, enquanto a massa de folhas em expansão não foi afetada. Este ecótipo apresenta alta capacidade de resposta ao nitrogênio, manifestada através de suas principais características morfogênicas. Em situações limitantes deste elemento, ocorre a priorização da alocação de assimilados para o sistema radicular, em detrimento da parte aérea. / The ecotype André da Rocha of Paspalum notatum is noteworthy for presenting a high yield potential compared to many ecotypes of the species, that is why, the aim of this study was to quantify the morphogenetic processes that result in greater accumulation of biomass, as well as to quantify the distribution of biomass in plants developed in isolation at different levels of nitrogen. The experiment wasas conducted in a greenhouse at the Faculty of Agronomy of UFRGS and used Leonard jars with complete nutrient solution, except for the N, which was added as NH4NO3 to reach the doses of 37.5, 75, 150 and 300 mg N/pot. We used seven repetitions of one plant per pot in completely randomized design. The leaf expansion rate, the number of green leaves per tiller, the tillering rate, rhizome extension rate and its final size was also positively affected by the addition of N, while the average final leaf length and leaf life span were not affected. After 110 days of plant growth, these were separate in the components roots, rhizomes and shoots. The compartments more responsive to N were the underground portions (roots + rhizomes), which increased 68% and the tillers production that increased tenfold. The biomass of fully expanded leaves on the main stem was greater only at the highest dose, while the mass of expanding leaves was not affected. This ecotype has a high capacity to nitrogen response, manifested through its main morphogenetic characteristics. In presence of limited nitrogen supply, there is a priority of allocation of assimilates to the root system, rather the aerial part, particularly for tillers formation.

O ecótipo André da Rocha de Paspalum notatum destaca-se por apresentar um elevado potencial produtivo em relação a muitos ecótipos da espécie, por esta razão, objetivou-se com este trabalho quantificar os processos morfogênicos que resultam no maior acúmulo de biomassa, bem como, quantificar a distribuição da biomassa em plantas desenvolvidas isoladamente em diferentes doses de nitrogênio. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação na Faculdade de Agronomia da UFRGS e utilizaram-se vasos de Leonard com solução nutritiva completa, com exceção do N, o qual foi adicionado como NH4NO3 para atingir as doses de 37,5, 75, 150 e 300mg N/vaso. Utilizou-se sete repetições de uma planta por vaso em delineamento completamente casualizado. A taxa de surgimento de folhas respondeu positivamente ao incremento na disponibilidade de N. A taxa de expansão foliar, o número médio de folhas verdes por perfilho, a taxa de perfilhamento, a taxa de expansão do rizoma e seu tamanho final foram igualmente afetados positivamente com a adição de N, enquanto o comprimento médio final da folha e a duração de vida da folha não foram afetados. Após 110 dias de crescimento, as plantas foram separadas nos componentes raízes, rizomas, e parte aérea. Os componentes que mais responderam ao aumento do N foram a produção da parte subterrânea (raízes + rizomas), que aumentou 68%, e a produção de perfilhos, que aumentou em dez vezes. A biomassa de folhas completamente expandidas na haste principal foi maior somente na dose mais alta, enquanto a massa de folhas em expansão não foi afetada. Este ecótipo apresenta alta capacidade de resposta ao nitrogênio, manifestada através de suas principais características morfogênicas. Em situações limitantes deste elemento, ocorre a priorização da alocação de assimilados para o sistema radicular, em detrimento da parte aérea. / The ecotype André da Rocha of Paspalum notatum is noteworthy for presenting a high yield potential compared to many ecotypes of the species, that is why, the aim of this study was to quantify the morphogenetic processes that result in greater accumulation of biomass, as well as to quantify the distribution of biomass in plants developed in isolation at different levels of nitrogen. The experiment wasas conducted in a greenhouse at the Faculty of Agronomy of UFRGS and used Leonard jars with complete nutrient solution, except for the N, which was added as NH4NO3 to reach the doses of 37.5, 75, 150 and 300 mg N/pot. We used seven repetitions of one plant per pot in completely randomized design. The leaf expansion rate, the number of green leaves per tiller, the tillering rate, rhizome extension rate and its final size was also positively affected by the addition of N, while the average final leaf length and leaf life span were not affected. After 110 days of plant growth, these were separate in the components roots, rhizomes and shoots. The compartments more responsive to N were the underground portions (roots + rhizomes), which increased 68% and the tillers production that increased tenfold. The biomass of fully expanded leaves on the main stem was greater only at the highest dose, while the mass of expanding leaves was not affected. This ecotype has a high capacity to nitrogen response, manifested through its main morphogenetic characteristics. In presence of limited nitrogen supply, there is a priority of allocation of assimilates to the root system, rather the aerial part, particularly for tillers formation.

O ecótipo André da Rocha de Paspalum notatum destaca-se por apresentar um elevado potencial produtivo em relação a muitos ecótipos da espécie, por esta razão, objetivou-se com este trabalho quantificar os processos morfogênicos que resultam no maior acúmulo de biomassa, bem como, quantificar a distribuição da biomassa em plantas desenvolvidas isoladamente em diferentes doses de nitrogênio. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação na Faculdade de Agronomia da UFRGS e utilizaram-se vasos de Leonard com solução nutritiva completa, com exceção do N, o qual foi adicionado como NH4NO3 para atingir as doses de 37,5, 75, 150 e 300mg N/vaso. Utilizou-se sete repetições de uma planta por vaso em delineamento completamente casualizado. A taxa de surgimento de folhas respondeu positivamente ao incremento na disponibilidade de N. A taxa de expansão foliar, o número médio de folhas verdes por perfilho, a taxa de perfilhamento, a taxa de expansão do rizoma e seu tamanho final foram igualmente afetados positivamente com a adição de N, enquanto o comprimento médio final da folha e a duração de vida da folha não foram afetados. Após 110 dias de crescimento, as plantas foram separadas nos componentes raízes, rizomas, e parte aérea. Os componentes que mais responderam ao aumento do N foram a produção da parte subterrânea (raízes + rizomas), que aumentou 68%, e a produção de perfilhos, que aumentou em dez vezes. A biomassa de folhas completamente expandidas na haste principal foi maior somente na dose mais alta, enquanto a massa de folhas em expansão não foi afetada. Este ecótipo apresenta alta capacidade de resposta ao nitrogênio, manifestada através de suas principais características morfogênicas. Em situações limitantes deste elemento, ocorre a priorização da alocação de assimilados para o sistema radicular, em detrimento da parte aérea. / The ecotype André da Rocha of Paspalum notatum is noteworthy for presenting a high yield potential compared to many ecotypes of the species, that is why, the aim of this study was to quantify the morphogenetic processes that result in greater accumulation of biomass, as well as to quantify the distribution of biomass in plants developed in isolation at different levels of nitrogen. The experiment wasas conducted in a greenhouse at the Faculty of Agronomy of UFRGS and used Leonard jars with complete nutrient solution, except for the N, which was added as NH4NO3 to reach the doses of 37.5, 75, 150 and 300 mg N/pot. We used seven repetitions of one plant per pot in completely randomized design. The leaf expansion rate, the number of green leaves per tiller, the tillering rate, rhizome extension rate and its final size was also positively affected by the addition of N, while the average final leaf length and leaf life span were not affected. After 110 days of plant growth, these were separate in the components roots, rhizomes and shoots. The compartments more responsive to N were the underground portions (roots + rhizomes), which increased 68% and the tillers production that increased tenfold. The biomass of fully expanded leaves on the main stem was greater only at the highest dose, while the mass of expanding leaves was not affected. This ecotype has a high capacity to nitrogen response, manifested through its main morphogenetic characteristics. In presence of limited nitrogen supply, there is a priority of allocation of assimilates to the root system, rather the aerial part, particularly for tillers formation.

<p>Lattice Boltzmann-based (LB) simulations are well suited to the simulation of fluid flows in complex structures encountered in chemical engineering like porous media or structured packing used in distillation and reactive distillation columns. These simulations require large amounts of memory (around 10 gigabytes) and would require very long execution times (around 2 years) if executed on a single powerful desktop computer.</p> <p>The execution of LB simulations in a distributed way (for example, using cluster computing) can decrease the execution time and reduces the memory requirements for each computer. Dynamic Heterogeneous Clusters (DHC) is a class of clusters involving computers inter-connected by a local area network; these computers are potentially unreliable and do not share the same architecture, operating system, computational power, etc. However, DHCs are easy to setup and extend, and are made of affordable computers.</p> <p>The design and development of a software system which organizes large scale DHCs in an efficient, scalable and robust way for implementing very large scale LB simulations is challenging. In order to avoid that some computers are overloaded and slow down the overall execution, the heterogeneity of computational power should be taken into account. In addition, the failure of one or several computers during the execution of a simulation should not prevent its completion.</p> <p>In the context of this thesis, a simulation tool called LaBoGrid was designed. It uses existing static load balancing tools and implements an original dynamic load balancing method in order to distribute the simulation in a way that minimizes its execution time. In addition, a distributed and scalable fault-tolerance mechanism based on the regular saving of simulation's state is proposed. Finally, LaBoGrid is based on a distributed master-slave model that is robust and potentially scalable.</p> <br/> <p>Les simulations basées sur les méthodes de Lattice Boltzmann sont bien adaptées aux simulations d'écoulements de fluides à l'intérieur de structures complexes rencontrées en génie chimique, telles que les milieux poreux ou les empilements structurés utilisés dans des colonnes de distillation et de distillation réactive. Elles requièrent toutefois de grandes quantités de mémoire (environ 10 gigaoctets). Par ailleurs, leur exécution sur un seul ordinateur de bureau puissant nécessiterait un temps très long (environ deux ans).</p> <p>Il est possible de réduire à la fois le temps d'exécution et la quantité de mémoire requise par ordinateur en exécutant les simulations LB de manière distribuée, par exemple en utilisant un cluster. Un Cluster Hétérogène Dynamique (CHD) est une classe de clusters impliquant des ordinateurs qui sont interconnectés au moyen d'un réseau local, qui ne sont pas nécessairement fiables et qui ne partagent pas la même architecture, le même système d'exploitation, la même puissance de calcul, etc. En revanche, les CHD sont faciles à installer, à étendre et peu coûteux.</p> <p>Concevoir et développer un logiciel capable de gérer des CHD à grande échelle de façon efficace, extensible et robuste et capable d'effectuer des simulations LB à très grande échelle constitue un défi. L'hétérogénéité de la puissance de calcul doit être prise en compte afin d'éviter que certains ordinateurs soient débordés et ralentissent le temps global d'exécution. En outre, une panne d'un ou de plusieurs ordinateurs pendant l'exécution d'une simulation ne devrait pas empêcher son achèvement.</p> <p>Dans le contexte de cette thèse, un outil de simulation appelé LaBoGrid a été conçu. LaBoGrid utilise des outils existants de répartition statique de la charge et implémente une méthode originale de répartition dynamique de la charge, ce qui lui permet de distribuer une simulation LB de manière à minimiser son temps d'exécution. De plus, un mécanisme distribué et extensible de tolérance aux pannes, fondé sur une sauvegarde régulière de l'état de simulation, est proposé. Enfin, LaBoGrid se base sur un modèle distribué de type « maître-esclaves » qui est robuste et potentiellement extensible.</p>

Aux confins du Sahel et du Sahara mauritanien, le plateau du Tagant (300 a 500 m. d'altitude) est un milieu de transition. Se rencontrent ici les influences d'Afrique du nord et d'Afrique noire. La crise climatique qui sévit maintenant depuis 23 ans a profondément bouleversé le fragile équilibre de ce biotope. Le système traditionnel d'occupation de l'espace, déjà fortement déstabilisé par les changements socio-économiques du 20eme siècle, achève de se déstructurer. Les nomades en se sédentarisant n'ont pas conscience des dommages qu'ils font subir a leur environnement. Des exemples précis et concrets sont étudiés plus particulièrement : Boumdeid, la Tamourt en Na'aj et une zone de brousse Tigree

La programmation synchrone a ete proposee pour faciliter la conception et la programmation des systemes reactifs (systemes dont le role est de reagir continument a leur environnement physique, celui-ci etant incapable de se synchroniser avec le systeme). Ces systemes sont tres souvent repartis, que ce soit pour des raisons d'implantation physique, d'amelioration des performances ou de tolerance aux pannes. En outre, les travaux sur la compilation des langages synchrones ont conduit a utiliser une representation interne des programmes sous forme d'un automate d'etats fini : c'est le format OC. Ce travail porte donc sur la repartition automatique des programmes OC. La principale difficulte est d'assurer l'equivalence fonctionnelle et temporelle entre le programme centralise initial et le programme reparti, et de prouver cette equivalence, ce qui est indispensable dans le domaine du temps reel critique. Nous nous attachons egalement a minimiser localement la structure de controle de chaque programme reparti. Pour cela nous developpons un algorithme original de reduction des tests ``a la volee'' utilisant des techniques de bisimulation. D'autre part nous definissons completement l'environnement d'execution des programmes repartis. Ici notre principal souci est de fournir une solution la plus proche possible de l'execution centralisee. Enfin dans le but d'expliquer les desynchronisations introduites par la repartition, nous proposons une semantique originale du langage synchrone Lustre, semantique definie par des ordres partiels.

Are decision-makers, and public ones in particular, considering the spatial characteristics of territories when they are making decisions? Which elements should be included in computer-based systems supporting such decisions? These two questions summarise the issues geographic information system scientists are addressing. They also constitute the starting point of this investigation on the theme of errors and uncertainty in spatial decision support systems. While decision theories, methodologies and techniques abound, none are peculiar to spatial issues. At best, they are using spatial data and in a few cases they are applied to helping solve spatial problems. It has been recognised that spatial data need distinct management systems. Should it be the same for spatial decisions? By postulating that spatial decision is a specific field requiring its own treatise, this author initiates an original reflexion. Following a holistic approach, this theoretical work develops a conceptual decision model: the 'decisional fountain'. This model gives a coherent and integrated view on the various fields of decision-making. Based on the postulate and on the model developed, several theories and techniques are revisited in a truly spatial perspective. The ontology of spatial decision has been enriched by a variety of experiences. Dealing with drought at the European level, allocating water resources from the field scale to the country scale, regional spatial planning, performing strategic environmental assessment, conceptualising the parking of a vehicle, developing the spatial abilities of children, all have fed this conceptual research. Some of them are illustrating this manuscript. Taking a spatial information science perspective, this manuscript leads you towards a 'spatial decision' theory.

Envisager un travail de recherche relatif à la valeur, à la formation et à la nature des grandeurs économiques peut sembler inopportun, tant les notions d’échange, de prix, de marché, et bien d’autres encore, tombent sous l’évidence de notre environnement quotidien. Nous montrons dans cette étude que nombre de concepts en économie ne reçoivent qu’une définition incertaine et parfois inconsistante. C’est à ce titre, le discours économique qui s’en trouve fragilisé, à tel point qu’il en vienne à se prononcer sur ce qui n’existe pas, et laisse échapper son objet véritable.Dans nos économies salariales, la valeur est tantôt reçue tantôt dépensée dans la formation et dans la destruction d’un revenu. Celui-ci est monétaire, et est objectif dans le sens où il confère un pouvoir ferme d’acquisition de biens et de services. Nous vérifions alors que l’objet de la science économique est le revenu, et que celui-ci unit les deux actes antagoniques de la production et de la consommation. Nous nous assurons par suite qu’il ne peut être pensé en termes « réels » ; la valeur n’est pas cachée derrière les choses. Dans un second temps, nous voyons que le revenu procède d’une mesure, et que c’est de cette mesure qu’il tire son objectivité. La mesure en économie est singulière, elle ne peut être empruntée au domaine de la physique. Elle est monétaire et réalisée dans le versement des salaires. À la lumière irremplaçable de la théorie des émissions de B. Schmitt, nous montrons que tout produit naît dans sa mesure en unités de salaires, et parvenons à une conclusion forte : la répartition révise l’émission du revenu sans réviser sa mesure. Nous sommes parvenus à une théorie cohérente et complète de la valeur. / To investigate on the question of the formation of the economic magnitudes, and on the question of value seems to be pointless, since those notions appear to be understood and to fall under the scope of our daily experiment. We show in the present work that several fundamental concepts and central notions do not receive a proper definition within our discipline. As a consequence, it is all the economic discourse that is weakened, at such a point that it talks about things that, actually, do not exist, but in the economist’s mind, and do not consider its true matter. In our wage economy, value is sometimes created sometimes destructed respectively in the formation and the destruction of income. The latter is an objective magnitude in the sense that it confers to its owner the tangible ability to buy goods and services. We thus make sure that income unifies the two opposite operations that are production and consumption, and that it is the true object of the economic science. We also insure that income is a monetary by naturee, and cannot be expressed in “real” terms; value is not hidden behind things. In a second time, we see that income is measured, and that its objectivity comes from the fact that it is measured. In economics, measure is specific since the unit of measurement is monetary and by no mean physical. The operation of measurement happens in the payment of wages to the benefit of the employees. By showing that product is “born” in the same operation by which it is measured, we are leading to a strong conclusion: all income is derived from wages.