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Metal on metal (MoM) hip replacements consist of a cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy femoral head which articulates against an acetabular cup manufactured from similar material. MoM hip replacements were introduced in the 1980s. It was thought that the overall reduction in volumetric wear as well as the avoidance of polyethylene would lead to greater longevity of these prostheses. There had been isolated reports of adverse tissue reactions with previous generations of MoM devices but it was thought that improved manufacturing technology would eliminate these problems. In the 1990s, the Birmingham Hip Resurfacing (BHR) was developed. The positive mid-term results of this device led to a rapid increase in the use of the BHR throughout the world. For obvious reasons, the enhanced stability large diameter bearings provided proved extremely attractive to surgeons and patients. Manufacturers therefore began to develop total hip replacement systems for patients unsuitable for the resurfacing procedure. These systems used bearings of size 36mm and greater, in Contrast to the existing 28mm Metasul device. From 2005 onwards there began to emerge increasing numbers of reports of local complications in the tissues adjacent to MoM prostheses. These reactions included sterile masses, tissue destruction and osteolysis. The incidence of these tissue reactions was unknown, as were the risk factors for their development. This piece of work sought to quantity the volumetric and linear wear rates of failed MoM hips and to investigate the relationship these wear rates and a number of clinical parameters. These parameters included blood, serum and hip fluid chromium and cobalt concentrations, and the macro and microscopic appearance of periprosthetic tissue at revision surgery. In this way it was hoped that component design, host and surgical factors leading to adverse tissue reactions could be identified and potentially eliminated.

Iodine intake is essential for thyroid hormone production. The recommended iodine intake is 150 μg per day for adults. Much of the iodine in the US diet comes from dairy and grain products. However, most product labels do not list iodine content. Meal replacement products are not required to contain specific vitamins and minerals. Nevertheless, meal replacement products can be fortified with 20 or more vitamins and minerals. They are frequently marketed as good and convenient sources of balanced nutrition. Twenty-seven meal replacements from supermarkets in the Boston area were analyzed to measure their levels of iodine in order to determine how meal replacements may contribute to iodine deficiency or excess. Overall mean ± SD iodine content was 49.7 ± 125.4 μg/serving. However, one meal replacement had 671.9 μg iodine per serving; once this outlier was excluded the mean ± SD was 25.8 ± 16.9 μg iodine serving. The meal replacements were compared by form (liquid, bar, and powder) and by type (vegan and non-vegan). The mean iodine content differed between the forms (liquid, bar, powder) and was highest for the liquids (mean ± SD: 37.4 ± 6.5 μg/serving; p-value 0.02, excluding outliers). The non-vegan meal replacements had a higher mean iodine content compared to the vegan meal replacements (mean ± SD: 31.6 ± 15.78 μg/serving; p-value 0.01, excluding outliers). All of the meal replacements contained detectible amounts of iodine regardless of whether it was listed on their labels (41% did not list iodine). Overall the meal replacements in this study were found to be good sources of iodine. However, consumers should be aware that packaging labels may not accurately reflect the amount of iodine present. One meal replacement was a potential source of excess iodine intake.

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