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Context: Scoping is admitted as a key activity in Market Driven Software Development for handling the constant inflow of requirements. It helps in identifying the features, domains and products which help for gaining economic benefits in Software Product Line (SPL) development. Beyond SPL, managing the scope of the project is a major risk for project management. Continuously changing scope creates a congestion state to handle the requirements inflow which causes negative consequences like scope scrap and scope creep. However, for managing negative consequences caused due to requirements volatility depicts a need for work on requirements scoping outside the product line.  Objectives: In this study, an exploratory work is carried to identify the literature and industrial perspectives on requirements scoping outside the product line. The main objectives are: Identifying the state of literature of requirements scoping outside product line and variability analysis. To explore the industrial practice on requirements scoping. Suggesting recommendations in improving the scoping process based on the literature and survey.  Methods: Systematic Literature Review (SLR) using snowballing procedure was conducted to identify the literature available on requirements scoping outside the product line. Quality assessment using rigor and relevance was performed to find the trustworthiness of the papers obtained through SLR. The data obtained through SLR was analyzed using narrative analysis. Furthermore, an industrial survey was performed using web questionnaire to identify the industrial perspective on requirements scoping. Statistical analysis was performed for analyzing the data obtained from survey.  Results: 23 relevant papers were identified through SLR. The results were categorized as definitions obtained, phenomena, challenges and methods/tools identified. From the finding of SLR, an industrial survey was conducted, which has obtained 93 responses. The challenges that were identified through literature were validated through survey and are prioritized. Moreover, the study identified additional challenges that are not discussed in the literature. Additionally, the approaches followed in organizations while scoping the requirements were identified through the survey. Conclusions: This study identified that scope creep is the most frequently occurring phenomenon that organizations are facing throughout the lifecycle of the project. In addition project delays, quality issues and project cost were identified as the most occurring scoping associated challenges. Moreover, scoping activity was identified as the continuous activity which changes significantly throughout the lifecycle. Finally, suggestions were given for improving the scoping process.

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A study was conducted at Tucson, Arizona to determine the variation in water-use efficiency among 150 genotypes of Medicago sativa L. cultivar ‘Mesa-Sirsa' grown under three soil moisture regimes and to determine if there were physiological and anatomical parameters related to efficiency of water use and growth components of alfalfa genotypes at three different growth stages. Information was obtained that would contribute to the development of techniques in the selection of alfalfa genotypes efficient in water use. Mesa-Sirsa genotypes varied in their water requirement. Some plants required three times more water to produce one gram of dry matter than other plants. Soil-moisture content significantly affected the water-use efficiency in the seedling stage but not in the mature stage of growth. The amount of available soil. moisture significantly influenced the production of dry forage, stems, and leaves at both seedling and mature stages of growth. The relationship between water-use efficiency and growth components studied was significantly influenced by the amount of available soil moisture at the 'seedling stage but not at the mature stage of growth. The water-use efficiency of Mesa-Sirsa seedlings grown under the medium soil moisture regime increased when dry matter production from forage, stems, and leaves increased. There was also a significant relationship between the total transpired water per plant and dry matter produced, number of stems and leaflets. Total water transpired was not significantly associated with the water-use efficiency of alfalfa seedlings. At the mature stage of growth, there was a significant correlation between the water-use efficiency and each of the following factors: dry weight of forage and stems, number of leaflets, and stem-leaf ratio. The amount of water transpired per plant was significantly and positively correlated to dry matter production from forage, stems, and leaves, and to number of stems and leaflets per plant. There was no association between the total water transpired from a plant and the water requirement. The relationship between the water requirement and transpiration rate significantly varied with the three growth stages. The most efficient alfalfa genotypes at floral bud or flowering stage transpired significantly less water per unit leaf area per unit time compared to the less efficient genotypes. The rates of net photosynthesis and respiration varied among alfalfa genotypes and with growth stages. The rates of both decreased as plants progressed toward maturity. At the floral bud stage plants with the highest water requirement also had the highest rates of photosynthesis and transpiration. At the vegetative stage of growth, respiration was directly associated with leaf-stem ratio and transpiration rate. The number of xylem vessels was significantly associated with the water-use efficiency of alfalfa genotypes at the vegetative stage. The most efficient alfalfa plants had significantly less xylem vessels in the leaf midvein when compared to the least efficient plants. The thickness of palisade layer was also significantly related to water requirement of alfalfa genotypes at the floral bud stage but not at other stages. Efficient alfalfa genotypes developed a thinner palisade layer.

Experiments were conducted at Tucson, Arizona during a 3-year period to determine the effect of water management on several characteristics in 'Mesa-Sirsa' alfalfa (Medicaqo sativa L.) grown under field conditions. Three water management treatments were imposed: (a) irrigating to field capacity when 50% of available soil moisture had been utilized to a depth of 1.2 m (high), (b) irrigating to field capacity when 100% of the available soil moisture had been utilized to the same depth (medium), and (o) irrigating similar to the high treatment on first and last harvests of the growing season, but withholding irrigation water during the balance of the growing season (low). Plants receiving medium and high water treatments were harvested at 25% bloom through the entire growing season while those receiving the low water treatment were harvested twice--at the first and last harvest for plants receiving medium and high water treatments. In plants grown under both the high and medium water treatments it was found that dry matter production, plant height at harvest, efficiency of water use, and total water utilization per growth period decreased during the summer months while the daily rate of water utilization increased. Treatments did not have an effect on any of these variables. When irrigation water was returned to plants grown under the low water treatments, dry matter production and plant height at the subsequent harvest were not significantly different from plants grown under the medium and high water treatments. Plant population per unit land area declined steadily during the three years of production. Neither stand decline nor root distribution was significantly influenced by water management over the 3-year period. Variation in root morphology among genotypes was observed. The majority of the variability was attributed to genetic expression. Water stress resulted in significant increased proline and decreased arginine content of root tissue. Sucrose content increased significantly in roots of plants subjected to water stress while fructose and glucose levels were not affected. Water insoluble N and water soluble protein levels were lower at midsummer when compared with the beginning and completion of the growing season. Total available carbohydrates (TAC) and water soluble protein levels decreased following forage harvest, while levels of water insoluble N, water soluble NI amino acid composition of proteins, and free sugar levels did not change during regrowth. TAC levels under the medium and high water treatments decreased during midsummer each of the 3 years of the study. The trend was not as evident during the initial production year as in subsequent years. Net carbohydrate utilization during the 2 weeks following harvest varied among years and harvests. Differences among harvests were attributed to climatic conditions as no treatment effect was observed. Variation among years may have resulted from root maturation and genotypic changes in the plant population. TAC levels of nonharvested summer-stressed plants in the low water treatment remained relatively constant unless rainfall occurred in sufficient magnitude to stimulate top growth, in which case a decrease in TAC levels was observed.

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