Previous research has revealed a relationship between research department structure and scientist research output. Investigators have drawn on the findings of this research to make recommendations to research directors and administrators regarding the type of structure necessary to maintain high levels of scientist research output. Since the recommendations were made to research directors and administrators in general, the implication is that one type of research department structure should be utilized in all types of organizations. This, in turn, implies that the relationship between structure and output is constant across organization types. Consideration of the goals and operating conditions in different types of organizations suggests that some organizations would tend to place greater structural constraints on scientists than others. In other words, differences in goals and conditions of operation make it almost impossible for research departments in different types of organizations to be structured the same way. If this is the case, the hypothesis that follows inevitably is that some types of organizations cannot have the one best structure and must suffer losses in research output. An examination of some original research, however, reveals that the responding scientists were employed in a variety of organization types. Moreover, the investigators made no attempt to examine the relationships between structure and research output on an organization type-by-type basis. There remains then, an equally plausible hypothesis, that scientists in different types of organizations accept the existing structure and that no basic incompatibility exists. This implies that the relationship between structure and research output is not constant across organization types, but varies from type to type. The problem of this study, therefore, was to determine whether or not the relationships between research department structure and research output was constant across organization types. The main hypothesis tested was: "The relationship between research department structure and research output varies across organization types." Implicit in this hypothesis were two prior hypotheses. 1. There is a relationship between research department structure and research output. 2. Research departments in different types of parent organizations are structured differently. Also implicit in the main hypothesis was a type of summary hypothesis, which properly followed the main hypothesis. 3. Relationships between research output and structure found in combined organization samples are different than relationships found in separate organization samples. These general hypotheses were tested by examining information obtained from testing related specific hypotheses. The data necessary for the testing of the specific hypotheses was obtained from questionnaire responses provided by scientists from four types of organizations—business, government, social development, and university—who were mailed questionnaires in order to obtain measures of reported research output, and perceptions of research department structure. 523 scientists or 45% of the sample, returned a completed questionnaire. Another 15% of the sample provided reasons for not responding. Examination of the data related to Hypothesis Number One indicated that in a combined organization sample, levels of reported research output were: 1. positively associated with levels of perceived (a) influence to decide own work goals and objectives, (b) decentralized control of research activities, and 2. negatively associated with levels of perceived (a) supervisor influence to decide scientist work goals and objectives, and (b) centralized control of research activities. On the basis of this information, Hypothesis Number One was accepted. Examination of the data related to Hypothesis Number Two indicated that scientists in different types of organizations perceived different levels of: 1. emphasis to be placed on particular criteria used in the selection of research projects; 2. time expenditures in basic and applied research; 3. time pressure on their work; 4. influence to decide work goals and objectives; 5. supervisor or department head influence in deciding their work goals and objectives; 6. centralized and decentralized control of research activities; 7. coordination of efforts for common objectives. On the basis of this information Hypothesis Number Two was accepted. Examination of the data related to Hypothesis Number Three indicated that high research output scientists, in different types of organizations perceived different levels of: 1. influence in deciding their work goals and objectives (university scientists only); 2. immediate supervisor or department head influence in deciding their work goals and objectives; 3. centralized and decentralized control of research activities; and 4. coordination of efforts for common objectives. On the basis of this information, Hypothesis Number Three was accepted. Hypothesis Number Four was also accepted because examination of the data indicated that responses from high research output scientists in combined organization samples— as compared to responses from separate organization samples— differed in the same ways as those listed above. In summary, this study found relationships between research output and research department structure. Research departments in different types of parent organizations appeared to be structured differently. Finally, relationships between structure and research output varied across organization types, as well as between separate and combined organization samples. In conclusion, the present study indicated that there is no 'best' type of research department structure for all organizations. / Education, Faculty of / Graduate

Unlike many western democracies, Canada has a party system which is not polarized in terms of class. Particularly since the early 1930's many writers have attacked "brokerage politics" on the grounds that it has enabled a small elite to control political debate, and in particular has prevented the party system from presenting meaningful alternatives for the social and economic development of the country. To people such as Frank Undorhill, Gad Horowitz and Charles Taylor, "the politics of polarization" is essential to an efficient democratic political system. Another writer, Robert R. Alford in Party and Society, has concluded that the trends in Canada towards industrialization, urbanization and secularization are bound to encourage an increase in class-oriented voting behaviour. The large numbers of people working in the cities, coupled with a decline in the salience of regional, religious and ethnic issues, will increase working class consciousness to the point where a change in the substance of political debate is feasible. The thesis examines the Canadian Institute of Public Opinion (Gallup) surveys for the 1962, 1963, 1965 and 1968 elections to see if Alford’s forecast is substantiated. There are many shortcomings in both the data, and the approach used, but the analysis would suggest that the overwhelming importance of religious and linguistic factors has not significantly declined, and as far as this thesis can detect, there has been little increase in class voting. A concluding chapter suggests other research approaches to the problem under investigation, which might well have produced different conclusions. However, a brief examination of the early political history of Canada would seem to indicate that the absorption of the working classes into the existing party system was done in such a way as to permanently restrict the extent to which a working class consciousness is likely to develop. While there are signs indicating that class-oriented voting will probably increase, it is unlikely that the polarization will ever occur to the extent possible in countries which have developed, politically and econonacally, along different lines. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) was recently introduced to western Canada as a forage crop. To reach its full potential, high yielding, early maturing fenugreek cultivars that produce good seed yield and quality within 100 frost free days need to be developed. In this study, mutation breeding approach was used on five locally adapted fenugreek genotypes to generate variants showing improved seed yield and yield attributing traits that can be used for cultivar development. Mutant generations of these plants were evaluated in multi-location, multi-year trials, and individual plants were selected for high seed and biomass yield. Seeds from a tetraploid fenugreek line and its diploid parent Tristar were grown under multiple environments to understand effect of environment on seed oil content. In addition, mold resistant fenugreek genotypes were identified by screening a collection of fenugreek accessions against a destructive fungal pathogen Cercospora traversiana. / xv, 179 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm

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Global Circulation Models (GCMs) are used to create projections of possible future climate characteristics under global climate change scenarios. Future local and regional precipitation scenarios can be developed by downscaling synoptic CGM data. Daily 500-mb geopotential heights from the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis's CGCM2 are used to represent future (2020-2050) synoptics and are compared to daily historical (1960-1990) 500-mb geopotential height reanalysis data. The comparisons are made based on manually classified synoptic patterns identified by Changnon et al. (1993.Mon. Weather Rev. 121:633-647). Multiple linear regression models are used to link the historical synoptic pattern frequencies and precipitation amounts for 372 weather stations across western North America,. The station-specific models are then used to forecast future precipitation amounts per weather station based on synoptic pattern frequencies forecast by the CGCM2 climate change forcing scenario. Spatial and temporal variations in precipitation are explored to determine monthly, seasonal and annual trends in climate change impacts on precipitation in western North America. The resulting precipitation scenarios demonstrate a decrease in precipitation from 10 to 30% on an annual basis for much of the south and western regions of the study area. Seasonal forecasts show variations of the same regions with decreases in precipitation and select regions with increases in future precipitation. A major advancement of this analysis was the application of synoptic pattern downscaling to summer precipitation scenarios for western North America. / ix, 209 leaves : col. maps ; 29 cm.