Ensaios de mecânica da fratura utilizando corpos de prova padronizados apresentam alto nível de restrição à deformação plástica na ponta da trinca, devido a esforços de flexão e a trincas profundas. Em decorrência do emprego desses corpos de prova, há um alto conservadorismo nos resultados obtidos por esses ensaios, quando aplicados em materiais de boa tenacidade. Aplicações cujos defeitos estão submetidos a baixos níveis de constricção e a pequenas margens de segurança fazem com que sejam necessários corpos de prova mais próximos do estado de tensão submetido pela estrutura para realizar adequadamente a análise crítica de engenharia (Engineering Critical Analysis - ECA). Este trabalho visa analisar a influência da geometria de corpos de prova e do tamanho da trinca na tenacidade à fratura do aço API 5DP Tool Joint. Este estudo constitui-se da realização de ensaios de tenacidade à fratura com duas geometrias de corpos de prova (SE(B) e SE(T)) e quatro tamanhos de trinca normalizados (a0/W = 0,40; 0,50; 0,60; e 0,70) com a técnica da flexibilidade no descarregamento (unloading compliance). Foi utilizado o projeto de experimentos (DOE) para obter resultados referentes aos efeitos principais dos dois fatores e de suas interações. Foram calculadas, a partir de triplicatas para cada condição, curvas de resistência e valores únicos de tenacidade à fratura (Integral J e CTOD), sendo que o último foi utilizado para o cálculo da análise de variância (ANOVA). Com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que a geometria de corpo de prova, tamanho da trinca e a interação entre os dois fatores possuem efeito significativo sobre as variáveis resposta (CTOD e Integral J) com nível de significância de 5%. Além disso, obtiveram-se os valores de JIC e δi através das curvas de resistência, mostrando que esses valores independem da geometria e do tamanho da trinca. / Fracture mechanics testing using standardized specimens have a high level of restriction to plastic deformation at the crack tip, due the bending stresses and deep crack lengths. Due to the use of these specimens geometry, there is a high conservatism on the obtained results of fracture toughness testing when applied on high toughness materials. The application of specimens closely modeling to the actual stress conditions in the component under consideration are necessary to evaluate structures containing defects with low levels of constraint and small safety margins to perform appropriately the engineering critical analysis (ECA). This work aims to analyze the influence of specimen geometry and crack length on the fracture toughness of API 5DP Tool Joint steel. This study consists in the execution of fracture toughness testing on two specimen geometries (SE(B) e SE(T)) and four normalized crack lengths (a0/W = 0,40; 0,50; 0,60; and 0,70) with the unloading compliance method. Design of experiments (DOE) was applied to obtain results regarding to the main factors effects and their interactions. From triplicates of each condition, resistance curves and unique values of fracture toughness (J integral and CTOD) were calculated, and the latter result was used to calculate the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The obtained outcomes show that the specimen geometry, crack length and the interaction between these factors have significant effect on the response variables (CTOD and J integral) on a significance level of 5%. In addition, there were obtained the values of JIC e δi through the resistance curves, showing that these values do not depend on the geometry and crack length.

Ensaios de mecânica da fratura utilizando corpos de prova padronizados apresentam alto nível de restrição à deformação plástica na ponta da trinca, devido a esforços de flexão e a trincas profundas. Em decorrência do emprego desses corpos de prova, há um alto conservadorismo nos resultados obtidos por esses ensaios, quando aplicados em materiais de boa tenacidade. Aplicações cujos defeitos estão submetidos a baixos níveis de constricção e a pequenas margens de segurança fazem com que sejam necessários corpos de prova mais próximos do estado de tensão submetido pela estrutura para realizar adequadamente a análise crítica de engenharia (Engineering Critical Analysis - ECA). Este trabalho visa analisar a influência da geometria de corpos de prova e do tamanho da trinca na tenacidade à fratura do aço API 5DP Tool Joint. Este estudo constitui-se da realização de ensaios de tenacidade à fratura com duas geometrias de corpos de prova (SE(B) e SE(T)) e quatro tamanhos de trinca normalizados (a0/W = 0,40; 0,50; 0,60; e 0,70) com a técnica da flexibilidade no descarregamento (unloading compliance). Foi utilizado o projeto de experimentos (DOE) para obter resultados referentes aos efeitos principais dos dois fatores e de suas interações. Foram calculadas, a partir de triplicatas para cada condição, curvas de resistência e valores únicos de tenacidade à fratura (Integral J e CTOD), sendo que o último foi utilizado para o cálculo da análise de variância (ANOVA). Com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que a geometria de corpo de prova, tamanho da trinca e a interação entre os dois fatores possuem efeito significativo sobre as variáveis resposta (CTOD e Integral J) com nível de significância de 5%. Além disso, obtiveram-se os valores de JIC e δi através das curvas de resistência, mostrando que esses valores independem da geometria e do tamanho da trinca. / Fracture mechanics testing using standardized specimens have a high level of restriction to plastic deformation at the crack tip, due the bending stresses and deep crack lengths. Due to the use of these specimens geometry, there is a high conservatism on the obtained results of fracture toughness testing when applied on high toughness materials. The application of specimens closely modeling to the actual stress conditions in the component under consideration are necessary to evaluate structures containing defects with low levels of constraint and small safety margins to perform appropriately the engineering critical analysis (ECA). This work aims to analyze the influence of specimen geometry and crack length on the fracture toughness of API 5DP Tool Joint steel. This study consists in the execution of fracture toughness testing on two specimen geometries (SE(B) e SE(T)) and four normalized crack lengths (a0/W = 0,40; 0,50; 0,60; and 0,70) with the unloading compliance method. Design of experiments (DOE) was applied to obtain results regarding to the main factors effects and their interactions. From triplicates of each condition, resistance curves and unique values of fracture toughness (J integral and CTOD) were calculated, and the latter result was used to calculate the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The obtained outcomes show that the specimen geometry, crack length and the interaction between these factors have significant effect on the response variables (CTOD and J integral) on a significance level of 5%. In addition, there were obtained the values of JIC e δi through the resistance curves, showing that these values do not depend on the geometry and crack length.

Ensaios de mecânica da fratura utilizando corpos de prova padronizados apresentam alto nível de restrição à deformação plástica na ponta da trinca, devido a esforços de flexão e a trincas profundas. Em decorrência do emprego desses corpos de prova, há um alto conservadorismo nos resultados obtidos por esses ensaios, quando aplicados em materiais de boa tenacidade. Aplicações cujos defeitos estão submetidos a baixos níveis de constricção e a pequenas margens de segurança fazem com que sejam necessários corpos de prova mais próximos do estado de tensão submetido pela estrutura para realizar adequadamente a análise crítica de engenharia (Engineering Critical Analysis - ECA). Este trabalho visa analisar a influência da geometria de corpos de prova e do tamanho da trinca na tenacidade à fratura do aço API 5DP Tool Joint. Este estudo constitui-se da realização de ensaios de tenacidade à fratura com duas geometrias de corpos de prova (SE(B) e SE(T)) e quatro tamanhos de trinca normalizados (a0/W = 0,40; 0,50; 0,60; e 0,70) com a técnica da flexibilidade no descarregamento (unloading compliance). Foi utilizado o projeto de experimentos (DOE) para obter resultados referentes aos efeitos principais dos dois fatores e de suas interações. Foram calculadas, a partir de triplicatas para cada condição, curvas de resistência e valores únicos de tenacidade à fratura (Integral J e CTOD), sendo que o último foi utilizado para o cálculo da análise de variância (ANOVA). Com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que a geometria de corpo de prova, tamanho da trinca e a interação entre os dois fatores possuem efeito significativo sobre as variáveis resposta (CTOD e Integral J) com nível de significância de 5%. Além disso, obtiveram-se os valores de JIC e δi através das curvas de resistência, mostrando que esses valores independem da geometria e do tamanho da trinca. / Fracture mechanics testing using standardized specimens have a high level of restriction to plastic deformation at the crack tip, due the bending stresses and deep crack lengths. Due to the use of these specimens geometry, there is a high conservatism on the obtained results of fracture toughness testing when applied on high toughness materials. The application of specimens closely modeling to the actual stress conditions in the component under consideration are necessary to evaluate structures containing defects with low levels of constraint and small safety margins to perform appropriately the engineering critical analysis (ECA). This work aims to analyze the influence of specimen geometry and crack length on the fracture toughness of API 5DP Tool Joint steel. This study consists in the execution of fracture toughness testing on two specimen geometries (SE(B) e SE(T)) and four normalized crack lengths (a0/W = 0,40; 0,50; 0,60; and 0,70) with the unloading compliance method. Design of experiments (DOE) was applied to obtain results regarding to the main factors effects and their interactions. From triplicates of each condition, resistance curves and unique values of fracture toughness (J integral and CTOD) were calculated, and the latter result was used to calculate the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The obtained outcomes show that the specimen geometry, crack length and the interaction between these factors have significant effect on the response variables (CTOD and J integral) on a significance level of 5%. In addition, there were obtained the values of JIC e δi through the resistance curves, showing that these values do not depend on the geometry and crack length.

<div>The mechanical behaviors of different kinds of biological tissues, including muscle tissues, cortical bones, cancellous bones and skulls, were studied under various loading conditions to investigate their strain-rate sensitivities and loading-direction dependencies. Specifically, the compressive mechanical behaviors of porcine muscle were studied at quasi-static (<1/s) and intermediate (1/s─10^2/s) strain rates. Both the compressive and tensile mechanical behaviors of human muscle were investigated at quasi-static and intermediate strain rates. The effect of strain-rate and loading-direction on the compressive mechanical behaviors of human frontal skulls, with its entire sandwich structure intact, were also studied at quasi-static, intermediate and high (10^2/s─10^3/s) strain rates. The fracture behaviors of porcine cortical bone and cancellous bone were investigated at both quasi-static (0.01mm/s) and dynamic (~6.1 m/s) loading rates, with the entire failure process visualized, in real-time, using the phase contrast imaging technique. Research effort was also focused on studying the dynamic fracture behaviors, in terms of fracture initiation toughness and crack-growth resistance curve (R-curve), of porcine cortical bone in three loading directions: in-plane transverse, out-of-plane transverse and in-plane longitudinal. A hydraulic material testing system (MTS) was used to load all the biological tissues at quasi-static and intermediate loading rates. Experiments at high loading rates were performed on regular or modified Kolsky bars. Tomography of bone specimens was also performed to help understand their microstructures and obtain the basic material properties before mechanical characterizations. Experimental results found that both porcine muscle and human muscle exhibited non-linear and strain-rate dependent mechanical behaviors in the range from quasi-static (10^(-2)/s─1/s) to intermediate (1/s─10^2/s) loading rates. The porcine muscle showed no significant difference in the stress-strain curve between the along-fiber and transverse-to-fiber orientation, while it was found the human muscle was stiffer and stronger along fiber direction in tension than transverse-to fiber direction in compression. The human frontal skulls exhibited a highly loading-direction dependent mechanical behavior: higher ultimate strength, with an increasing ratio of 2, and higher elastic modulus, with an increasing ratio of 3, were found in tangential loading direction when compared with those in the radial direction. A transition from quasi-ductile to brittle compressive mechanical behaviors of human frontal skulls was also observed as loading rate increased from quasi-static to dynamic, as the elastic modulus was increased by factors of 4 and 2.5 in the radial and tangential loading directions, respectively. Experimental results also suggested that the strength in the radial direction was mainly depended on the diploë porosity while the diploë layer ratio played the predominant role in the tangential direction. For the fracture behaviors of bones, straight-through crack paths were observed in both the in-plane longitudinal cortical bone specimens and cancellous bone specimens, while the cracks were highly tortuous in the in-plane transverse cortical bone specimens. Although the extent of toughening mechanisms at dynamic loading rate was comparatively diminished, crack deflections and twists at osteon cement lines were still observed in the transversely oriented cortical bone specimens at not only quasi-static loading rate but also dynamic loading rate. The locations of fracture initiations were found statistical independent on the bone type, while the propagation direction of incipient crack was significantly dependent on the loading direction in cortical bone and largely varied among different types of bones (cortical bone and cancellous bone). In addition, the crack propagation velocities were dependent on crack extension over the entire crack path for all the three loading directions while the initial velocity for in-plane direction was lower than the other two directions. Both the cortical bone and cancellous bone exhibited higher fracture initiation toughness and steeper R-curves at the quasi-static loading rate than the dynamic loading rate. For cortical bone at a dynamic loading rate (5.4 m/s), the R-curves were steepest, and the crack surfaces were most tortuous in the in-plane transverse direction while highly smooth crack paths and slowly growing R-curves were found in the in-plane longitudinal direction, suggesting an overall transition from brittle to ductile-like fracture behaviors as the osteon orientation varies from in-plane longitudinal to out-of-plane transverse, and to in-plane transverse eventually.</div>