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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Efficacy of entomopathogenic organisms Beauveria bassiana, Isaria fumosoroseus, Metarhizium anisopliae and Chromobacterium subtsugae against the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, under both laboratory and greenhouse conditions

Kivett, Jessica Marie January 1900 (has links)
Master of Science / Department of Entomology / Raymond A. Cloyd / Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis, is one of the most destructive insect pests of greenhouse production systems because of the direct and indirect damage they cause and their ability to develop resistance to a wide variety of insecticides. A common method of avoiding resistance development is by rotating insecticides that have different modes of action. Entomopathogenic organisms (EPO), such as fungi and bacteria, have modes of action that are very different from standard insecticides. Thus, by incorporating EPO into rotation programs, greenhouse producers may preserve the efficacy of insecticides used for suppression of WFT populations. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to 1) determine the efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi on WFT adults and nymphs, and to assess product effectiveness when used beyond the expiration date; 2) evaluate the efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi against WFT nymphs when combined with the insect growth regulator, azadirachtin; and 3) evaluate different rotation programs that include EPO and standard insecticides commonly used to suppress WFT populations. To satisfy objective one and two, a series of laboratory bioassays were conducted in which WFT nymphs and adults were exposed to three entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana, Isaria fumosoroseus, and Metarhizium anisopliae) at two label rates (maximum and minimum), and two product conditions (fresh and expired). Furthermore, a bioassay in which each entomopathogenic fungi was tested with and without azadirachtin was conducted to determine if there was any synergistic effect on WFT nymphal mortality. Results indicated that adults are generally more susceptible to infection by entomopathogenic fungi than nymphs, fresh products resulted in higher mortality than expired products, and azadirachtin, when mixed with the entomopathogenic fungi, did not increase mortality of WFT nymphs except when combined with M. ansiopliae. Insecticide rotation programs that included EPO were evaluated by conducting a series of greenhouse experiments in which chrysanthemum, Dendranthema x morifolium plants were artificially infested with WFT adults. Eight-week rotation programs were applied to each plant and weekly counts of adults captured on yellow sticky cards were recorded. A final quality assessment of damage due to WFT feeding on foliage and flowers (1 to 5 in which 1 = no damage, and 5 = greater than 75% damage) was also recorded. In addition, a cost comparison of each rotation program was determined. Generally, insecticide rotations programs which incorporated EPO resulted in no significant difference in WFT populations compared to standard insecticide rotation programs without EPO. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between any of the rotation programs in regards to foliage and flower quality. Based on the results of the cost comparison, there may be a cost savings associated with using EPO. Therefore, by incorporating EPO into insecticide rotation programs, greenhouse producers may reduce costs as well as reduce selection pressure on WFT populations, which may avoid or delay resistance development.
12

Insecticide Resistance in the Bed Bug

Gordon, Jennifer R 01 January 2014 (has links)
Populations of Cimex lectularius, the bed bug, have resurged around the world posing significant challenges for pest management professionals and causing physical, economic, and emotional strife. Pyrethroid resistance has been found in the vast majority of populations making pest management more difficult. The objectives of my dissertation research were to document the evolution of resistance to pyrethroid and neonicotinoid combination products (called combination products here) and to a neonicotinoid in the laboratory, to record potential fitness costs to resistance to the combination products, and to compare the efficacy of nine insecticides on six populations. In the laboratory, populations of bed bugs evolve resistance rapidly to a combination product and that resistance translates into cross resistance to another combination product. In a follow up experiment, resistance to a neonicotinoid occurred after three generations of selection. Cross resistance between neonicotinoid and pyrethroid resistance was also found, likely due to a common detoxification mechanism (cytochrome P450 mediated metabolism). Resistance was associated with life history costs in three populations that had been selected with a combination product. Therefore, in the absence of selection pressure, populations of bed bugs should revert towards increasing susceptibility. Two pyrethroid products and three combination products were effective at killing three populations of bed bugs but were relatively ineffective against three other populations. However, the combination product, Transport GHP®, the single action pyrrole product, Phantom SC®, and the single action desiccant, CimeXa®, killed 95 to 100% of all populations investigated over a 14-day exposure. Taken together, results reported in this dissertation suggest that insecticide resistance management may be a useful tool for extending the efficacy of insecticides for control of C. lectularius.
13

Quantifying Adoption Intensity for Weed-Resistance Management Practices and Its Determinants among US Soybean, Corn, and Cotton Farmers

Dong, Fengxia, Mitchell, Paul D., Hurley, Terrance M., Frisvold, George B. 01 1900 (has links)
Using data envelopment analysis with principal components, we calculate an adoption-intensity index for herbicide-resistance best management practices (BMPs). Empirical results for over 1,100 farmers in twenty-two U.S. states suggest that many farmers could improve their herbicide resistance BMP adoption. Two-limit truncated regression results show that higher yields and a greater proportion of acres planted with Roundup Ready (R) seeds motivate weed BMP adoption. While soybean and corn farmers have lower adoption intensity than cotton farmers, farmer educational attainment and greater concern for herbicide effectiveness and for human and environmental safety are found to help increase the adoption of weed BMPs.
14

Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry2Ab and survival on single-toxin and pyramided cotton in cotton bollworm from China

Liu, Laipan, Gao, Meijing, Yang, Song, Liu, Shaoyan, Wu, Yidong, Carrière, Yves, Yang, Yihua 02 1900 (has links)
Evolution of Helicoverpa armigera resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton producing Cry1Ac is progressing in northern China, and replacement of Cry1Ac cotton by pyramided Bt cotton has been considered to counter such resistance. Here, we investigated four of the eight conditions underlying success of the refuge strategy for delaying resistance to Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab cotton, a pyramid that has been used extensively against H.armigera outside China. Laboratory bioassays of a Cry2Ab-selected strain (An2Ab) and a related unselected strain (An) reveal that resistance to Cry2Ab (130-fold) was nearly dominant, autosomally inherited, and controlled by more than one locus. Strong cross-resistance occurred between Cry2Ab and Cry2Aa (81-fold). Weaker cross-resistance (18- to 22-fold) between Cry2Ab and Cry1A toxins was also present and significantly increased survival of An2Ab relative to An on cotton cultivars producing the fusion protein Cry1Ac/Cry1Ab or Cry1Ac. Survival on Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab cotton was also significantly higher in An2Ab than in An, showing that redundant killing on this pyramid was incomplete. Survival on non-Bt cotton did not differ significantly between An2Ab and An, indicating an absence of fitness costs affecting this trait. These results indicate that a switch to three-toxin pyramided cotton could be valuable for increasing durability of Bt cotton in China.
15

Bases para um programa de manejo da resistência de Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) a chlorfenapyr no Brasil / Bases for resistance management program of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to chlorfenapyr in Brazil

Kanno, Rubens Hideo 05 February 2019 (has links)
As principais táticas de controle de Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) têm sido o uso de inseticidas e cultivos Bt no Brasil. Devido à intensa pressão de seleção, a evolução da resistência de S. frugiperda aos principais inseticidas de diferentes grupos químicos e a proteínas Bt já foram documentados no Brasil. Sendo assim, estudos para preservar a vida útil de inseticidas com novos mecanismos de ação como a de chlorfenapyr (desacoplador da fosforilação oxidativa mediante a disrupção do gradiente de prótons) são fundamentais em programas de Manejo da Resistência de Insetos (MRI). Para a implementação de programas proativos de manejo da resistência de S. frugiperda a chlorfenapyr, foram conduzidos estudos para caracterizar e monitorar a suscetibilidade de populações de campo de S. frugiperda a chlorfenapyr, estimar a frequência do alelo da resistência a chlorfenapyr pelo método de F2 screen e avaliar a resistência cruzada entre chlorfenapyr e outros inseticidas e proteínas Bt. O método de bioensaio utilizado foi o de tratamento superficial da dieta. Os dados das linhas-básicas de suscetibilidade das populações de campo a chlorfenapyr demonstraram uma variação da CL50 de 13,87 a 25,07 µg/mL. A concentração diagnóstica de 56 µg/mL foi estimada mediante análise conjunta dos dados de linha-básica de suscetibilidade baseada na CL99. A suscetibilidade foi monitorada a partir de populações de campo de S. frugiperda coletadas nas principais regiões produtoras de milho no Brasil entre 2016 e 2018. A taxa de sobrevivência na concentração diagnóstica variou de 0 a 8,4%. Pelo método de F2 screen a frequência alélica estimada nas safras para a 2ª safra 2016 e a 1ª safra 2017 foi de 0,0008 e a frequência para a entressafra 2016-2017 foi de 0,0012. Não foi verificada resistência cruzada entre chlorfenapyr e os inseticidas: lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorpyrifos, lufenuron, teflubenzuron, spinosad e chlorantraniliprole e as proteínas Bt: Cry1F, Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2, Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/Cry1F e Vip3Aa20 expressas em milho geneticamente modificado. Os resultados demonstraram uma alta suscetibilidade das populações de campo a chlorfenapyr, uma baixa frequência do alelo da resistência e ausência de resistência cruzada aos principais inseticidas e proteínas Bt. Portanto, o inseticida chlorfenapyr pode ser utilizado como uma ferramenta em programas de MRI em S. frugiperda no Brasil. / Chemical control and Bt crops are the major control tactics to control Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Brazil. Due to intense selection pressure, the evolution of S. frugiperda resistance to major insecticides from different chemical groups and to Bt proteins has already been documented in Brazil. Therefore, studies to preserve the lifetime of insecticides with new mode of action such as chlorfenapyr (uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of the proton gradient) are important in Insect Resistance Management (IRM) programs. For implementing a proactive resistance management program of S. frugiperda to chlorfenapyr, studies were conducted to characterize and monitor the susceptibility of field populations of S. frugiperda to chlorfenapyr, to estimate the frequency of resistance alleles to chlorfenapyr using F2 screen method and to evaluate the cross-resistance patterns of chlorfenapyr and other insecticides and Bt proteins. Diet overlay bioassays was used to characterize the baseline susceptibility data of field population of S. frugiperda to chlorfenapyr. The LC50 ranged from 13.87 a 25.07 µg/mL. A diagnostic concentration of 56 µg/mL was estimated from the joint analysis of the baseline susceptibility data, based on LC99. Susceptibility was monitored from field populations of S. frugiperda collected from major corn growing regions in Brazil from 2016 to 2018. The survival rate at the diagnostic concentration ranged from 0 to 8.4%. Using the F2 screen method, the estimated allele frequency for the 2nd crop season 2016 and 1st crop season 2017 was 0.0008 and the frequency for the offseason 2016-2017 was 0.0012. No cross-resistance was verified between chlorfenapyr and the insecticides: lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorpyrifos, lufenuron, teflubenzuron, spinosad and chlorantraniliprole and to Bt proteins: Cry1F, Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2, Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/Cry1F and Vip3Aa20 expressed in genetically modified maize. The results demonstrated a high susceptibility of field populations of S. frugiperda to chlorfenapyr, a low resistance allele frequency and lack of cross-resistance to major insecticides and Bt proteins. Therefore, chlorfenapyr can be used as an important tool in IRM programs of S. frugiperda in Brazil.
16

Distribuição geográfica e custo adaptativo da resistência de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) à proteína Vip3Aa20 no Brasil / Geographical distribution and fitness cost of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) resistance to Vip3Aa20 protein in Brazil

Amaral, Fernando Semmelroth de Assunção e 06 February 2018 (has links)
A utilização de plantas transgênicas expressando proteínas inseticidas de Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) tem sido a principal estratégia para o controle da lagarta-do-cartucho Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) no Brasil. A resistência de S. frugiperda à proteína Vip3Aa20 foi recentemente isolada e caracterizada em condições de laboratório, a partir de uma população proveniente de Correntina-BA. Para subsidiar programas de Manejo da Resistência de Insetos (MRI), foram realizados estudos para entender a distribuição geográfica da resistência de S. frugiperda à proteína Vip3Aa20 no Brasil, mediante uso de métodos fenotípicos (proteína purificada e folhas de milho Bt) e genotípicos (F1 e F2 screen), além da elucidação da presença custo adaptativo associado à resistência a partir de uma linhagem resistente quase-isogênica. Para o monitoramento com proteína purificada, as médias de sobrevivência na dose discriminatória de 3600 ng Vip3Aa20/cm2 para 10 populações/safra de S. frugiperda das principais regiões produtoras de milho do Brasil, tiveram um aumento em número, no decorrer das safras, para as populações que diferiram da sobrevivência da linhagem SUS, por não sobreposição do I.C. (95%). As larvas sobreviventes deste monitoramento morreram quando transferidas para folhas de milho Bt expressando Vip3Aa20. Não houve sobreviventes no monitoramento da resistência utilizando folhas de milho Bt, para todas as populações avaliadas. As médias de frequência alélica da resistência estimadas pelo método F1 screen foram de 0,0069, 0,0051 e 0,0041 para as populações avaliadas na 2ª safra/2016, entressafra/2016 e 1ª safra/2017 respectivamente. Pelo método F2 screen, as médias de frequência alélica foram de 0,0030, 0,0036, 0,0054 e 0,0042 para as populações da 2ª safra/2016, entressafra/2016, 1ª safra/2017 e 2ª safra/2017 respetivamente. Foram selecionadas 3 linhagens resistentes a Vip3Aa20 pelo método F2 screen, a partir de populações provenientes de Peabiru-PR, São João da Boa Vista-SP e Casa Branca-SP. Pelo teste de complementaridade, o mesmo alelo da resistência que havia sido inicialmente isolado da região de Correntina-BA, foi verificado nestas novas linhagens resistentes selecionadas. Não foi verificada a presença de custo adaptativo associado à resistência de S. frugiperda a Vip3Aa20, além de um maior valor adaptativo de indivíduos heterozigotos mediante avaliação de parâmetros de tabela de vida e fertilidade. Os resultados do presente trabalho comprovaram que o alelo da resistência de S. frugiperda para a proteína Vip3Aa20 está amplamente distribuído nas principais regiões produtoras de milho no Brasil. Este fato aliado à ausência de custo adaptativo da resistência reforçam a necessidade de implementação de estratégias eficientes de MRI para retardar a evolução da resistência de S. frugiperda à Vip3Aa20 no Brasil. / The use of transgenic plants expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins has been the main strategy to control the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) in Brazil. The resistance of S. frugiperda to Vip3Aa20 protein was recently isolated and characterized in laboratory conditions from a Correntina-BA population. In order to subsidize Insect Resistance Management (IRM) programs, studies were carried out to understand the geographical distribution of S. frugiperda resistance to Vip3Aa20 protein in Brazil, through the use of phenotypic (purified protein and Bt maize leaves) and genotypic methods (F1 and F2 screen), in addition, the elucidation of fitness-cost presence associated with resistance from a near-isogenic resistant strain. For the purified protein monitoring, the mean survival at the diagnostic concentration of 3,600 ng Vip3Aa20/cm2 for 10 populations/season of S. frugiperda from the main maize producing regions of Brazil, had an increase in the number of populations with significant difference by non-overlap in the confidence interval (95 %) in relation with our reference of susceptibility. The surviving larvae of this monitoring died when transferred to leaves of Bt maize expressing Vip3Aa20. There were no survivors in resistance monitoring using Bt maize leaves for all populations evaluated. The mean frequency of resistance alleles estimated by the F1 screen method were 0.0069, 0.0051 and 0.0041 for the populations evaluated in the 2nd/2,016, the offseason/2,016 and the 1st/2,017 crop seasons, respectively. By the F2 screen method, the means of allele frequency were 0.0030, 0.0036, 0.0054 and 0.0042 for the populations of the 2nd/2,016, offseason/2,016, 1st/2,017 and 2nd/2,017 crop seasons, respectively. Three Vip3Aa20 resistant strains were selected by the F2 screen method from populations from Peabiru-PR, São João da Boa Vista-SP and Casa Branca-SP. By the complementarity test, the same resistance allele that had been initially isolated from the Correntina-BA region was verified in these new selected resistant strains. The presence of the adaptive cost associated to the resistance of S. frugiperda to Vip3Aa20 was not verified, besides a higher adaptive value of heterozygous individuals through evaluation of life table parameters and fertility. The results of the present work proved that the resistance allele of S. frugiperda for the Vip3Aa20 protein is widely distributed in the main maize producing regions in Brazil. This fact, coupled with the lack of adaptive cost of resistance, reinforces the need to implement efficient IRM strategies to delay the evolution of S. frugiperda resistance to Vip3Aa20 protein in Brazil.
17

Suscetibilidade de Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) a metaflumizone na cultura do milho: bases para o manejo da resistência / Susceptibility of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to metaflumizone in maize: basis for resistance management

Oliveira, Fábio Eduardo Bueno 29 September 2008 (has links)
Metaflumizone é um novo inseticida, pertencente ao novo grupo químico semicarbazone, com excelente atividade no controle de várias espécies da Ordem Lepidoptera. O produto atua no sistema nervoso dos insetos bloqueando os canais de sódio sem a necessidade de ativação metabólica, ou seja, a molécula é tóxica em sua forma original. O mecanismo de ação de metaflumizone é distinto dos inseticidas piretróides que atuam como moduladores de canais de sódio. Para conhecer a atividade de metaflumizone sobre Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) e estabelecer estratégias proativas de manejo da resistência para preservar a vida útil desse produto, os principais objetivos da dissertação foram: (a) estabelecer a linha-básica de suscetibilidade a metaflumizone em populações de S. frugiperda coletadas na cultura do milho em diferentes regiões do Brasil; (b) definir concentrações diagnósticas (CL95 e CL99) para o monitoramento da suscetibilidade das populações de S. frugiperda; (c) verificar a possibilidade de resistência cruzada entre metaflumizone e lambda-cyhalothrin; e (d) verificar a eficácia agronômica de metaflumizone no controle de S. frugiperda em condições de campo. O método de bioensaio adotado foi o de tratamento superficial da dieta artificial com inseticidas, utilizando-se lagartas de 3° ínstar. Para o monitoramento da suscetibilidade das populações de S. frugiperda a metaflumizone, foram definidas as concentrações diagnósticas de 32 e 100 µg de metaflumizone/mL de água destilada (ppm). Para as duas concentrações diagnósticas foram encontradas diferenças significativas na suscetibilidade das populações testadas, com sobrevivências de 5,3 a 16,73% na concentração diagnóstica de 32 ppm e de 0,42 a 10,37% na concentração de 100 ppm. Para verificar a presença de resistência cruzada entre metaflumizone e lambda-cyhalothrin, foi realizada a caracterização da curva de concentração-resposta a metaflumizone em uma população de S. frugiperda resistente (R) a esse inseticida e comparada com a resposta obtida com a população suscetível de referência (S), observando-se ausência de resistência cruzada. A eficácia agronômica de metaflumizone em condições de campo foi verificada por meio de 2 ensaios de campo na cultura de milho com infestações de S. frugiperda com alta freqüência de resistência a inseticidas piretróides (40%), realizando-se duas aplicações de inseticidas, espaçadas em sete dias. Os tratamentos foram: 1-testemunha; 2-metaflumizone 200 g I.A./ha, 3-metaflumizone 240 g I.A./ha; 4-indoxacarb 75 g I.A./ha; e 5-lambda-cyhalothrin 7,5 g I.A./ha. Os menores níveis de desfolha, aos 7 dias após a segunda aplicação de inseticida, foram obtidos com os tratamentos de indoxacarb a 75 g I.A./ha e metaflumizone a 240 g I.A./ha, comprovando a eficácia no controle de S. frugiperda. Portanto, metaflumizone pode ser utilizado como uma alternativa para o manejo da resistência de S. frugiperda a inseticidas. / Metaflumizone is a new insecticide, belonging to the new chemical group semicarbazone, with excellent activity against many species of Lepidoptera Order. The product acts in the nervous system of insects blocking the sodium channels without metabolic activation, in other words, the molecule is toxic on its original form. The mechanism of action of metaflumizone is distinguished to the pyrethroids that act as sodium channel modulators. To know the activity of metaflumizone against Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) and to establish proactive strategies of resistance management to preserve the lifetime of that product, the main objectives of this work were: (a) to establish the baseline susceptibility of metaflumizone in populations of S. frugiperda collected in maize crop in different regions of Brazil; (b) to define diagnostic concentrations (LC95 e LC99) for the susceptibility monitoring of S. frugiperda populations; (c) to verify the possibility of cross-resistance between metaflumizone and lambda-cyhalothrin; and (d) to verify the agronomic efficacy of metaflumizone in the control of S. frugiperda under field conditions. The bioassay method was the surface treatment of an artificial diet with pesticides by using 3rd instar larvae. The diagnostic concentrations of 32 e 100 µg of metaflumizone/mL of distilled water (ppm) were defined for the susceptibility monitoring of S. frugiperda populations to metaflumizone. Significant differences in susceptibility to metaflumizone were found for the two diagnostic concentrations in the populations, with survival percentage from 5.3 to 16.73% in the concentration of 32 ppm and from 0.42 to 10.37% in the concentration of 100 ppm. To verify the cross-resistance between metaflumizone and lambda-cyhalothrin, the characterization of dose-mortality curve to metaflumizone was done in a lambda-cyhalothrin-resistant population of S. frugiperda (R) and the results were compared to the response of the susceptible population (S). The results suggested no existence of cross-resistance. The agronomic efficacy of metaflumizone under field conditions was verified in 2 field trials in maize crop infested with S. frugiperda at high level of pyrethroids resistance frequency (40%), with two applications of insecticides, at seven days interval. The treatments were: 1-untreated; 2-metaflumizone 200 g A.I./ha, 3-metaflumizone 240 g A.I./ha; 4-indoxacarb 75 g A.I./ha; and 5-lambda-cyhalothrin 7,5 g A.I./ha. The lower defoliation levels were achieved by the treatments of indoxacarb at 75 g A.I./ha and metaflumizone at 240 g A.I./ha, at 7 days after the second application of the insecticides, confirming its efficacy against S. frugiperda. Therefore, metaflumizone can be used as an alternative for the resistance management of S. frugiperda to insecticides.
18

Monitoramento da suscetibilidade de populações de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) a inseticidas diamidas no Brasil / Monitoring the susceptibility to diamide insecticides in Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations in Brazil

Ribeiro, Rebeca da Silva 09 October 2014 (has links)
Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) é uma das pragas mais importantes da cultura do milho no Brasil. Vários casos de resistência de S. frugiperda a inseticidas de grupos químicos distintos já foram documentados. A busca contínua de alternativas para o controle de S. frugiperda tem possibilitado o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias como plantas de milho geneticamente modificadas, e até mesmo a introdução de inseticidas que aliam segurança ambiental e alta atividade inseticida, como o recente grupo das diamidas. Estudos de caracterização e monitoramento da suscetibilidade de S. frugiperda são fundamentais para a implementação de programas de Manejo da Resistência de Insetos (MRI) no Brasil. Com o intuito de se prolongar a vida útil das diamidas, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (a) caracterizar a suscetibilidade a diamidas em populações de S. frugiperda nas principais regiões produtoras de milho no Brasil na safra 2011/12; (b) monitorar a suscetibilidade de populações de S. frugiperda a chlorantraniliprole e flubendiamide coletadas na cultura do milho em oito estados do Brasil nas safras 2011/12, 2012/13 e 2013/14; (c) estimar a frequência inicial do alelo de resistência a chlorantraniliprole em populações de S. frugiperda. O método de bioensaio para a caracterização da suscetibilidade de populações de S. frugiperda a chlorantraniliprole e flubendiamide foi o de aplicação superficial do inseticida sobre a dieta. As linhas-básicas de suscetibilidade foram definidas para uma população suscetível de referência e cinco populações de campo de S. frugiperda. Posteriormente, foram definidas concentrações diagnósticas para o monitoramento da suscetibilidade para ambos inseticidas em populações de S. frugiperda. As CLs50 estimadas para as populações de S. frugiperda avaliadas variaram de 1,15 a 2,55 ?g de chlorantraniliprole/mL de água [I.A. (ppm)] (variação de 1,4 vezes), e de 1,75 a 4,17 ?g de flubendiamide/mL de água [I.A. (ppm)] (variação de 2,4 vezes). As concentrações diagnósticas de 10 e 32 ?g de chlorantraniliprole/mL e de 100 e 180?g de flubendiamide/mL foram definidas para o monitoramento da resistência. As populações de S. frugiperda apresentaram alta suscetibilidade nas concentrações diagnósticas de chlorantraniliprole e flubendiamide na safra 2011/12. No entanto, foram observadas variações na sobrevivência de 0 a 12,7% para chlorantraniliprole e de 1 a 6% para flubendiamide de acordo com a safra agrícola e localidade. A frequência do alelo resistente a chlorantraniliprole em S. frugiperda estimado pelo método de \"F2 Screen\" foi baixa para a safra 2011/12 (<0,0033). No entanto, aumento significativo na frequência do alelo resistente foi observado nas safras 2012/13 [0,0134 (0,0082 - 0,0198)] e 2013/14 [0,0176 (0,0084 - 0,0277)] em populações testadas, indicando alto risco de evolução da resistência a chlorantraniliprole no Brasil. / Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) is one of the most important maize pests in Brazil. Several cases of S. frugiperda resistance to insecticides of different chemical class have been documented. The continuous search for alternatives to control S. frugiperda has enabled the development of new technologies such as genetically modified corn plants, and even the introduction of insecticides that combine environmental safety and high insecticidal activity, such as the recent class of diamides. Baseline studies and monitoring the susceptibility of S. frugiperda to insecticides are fundamental to the implementation of Insect Resistance Management (IRM) programs in Brazil. In order to prolong the lifetime of diamides, the objectives of this work were: (a) characterize the susceptibility to diamides in populations of S. frugiperda collected from major corn-producing regions in Brazil in 2011/12 season; (b) monitor the susceptibility of S. frugiperda populations to chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide collected in maize in eight states of Brazil in the 2011/12, 2012/13 and 2013/14 growing seasons; (c) estimate the initial frequency of the allele for resistance to chlorantraniliprole in S. frugiperda populations. The baseline susceptibility of S. frugiperda populations to chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide was determined using the diet surface treatment bioassays. Baselines were defined for a susceptible population and five field populations of S. frugiperda. Subsequently, diagnostic concentrations for monitoring susceptibility to both insecticides were defined. LCs50 estimated for populations of S. frugiperda ranged from 1.15 to 2.55 mg of chlorantraniliprole / mL of water [IA (ppm)] (1.4-fold variation) and 1.75 to 4.17 mg of flubendiamide / ml water [IA (ppm)] (2.4-fold variation). The diagnostic concentrations of 10 and 32 mg of chlorantraniliprole / mL and 100 and 180?g of flubendiamide / mL were defined for the resistance monitoring. The populations of S. frugiperda showed high susceptibility to chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide in 2011/12 growing season at diagnostic concentrations. However, variations in survival from 0 to 12.7% for chlorantraniliprole and 1 to 6% for flubendiamide were observed based on growing season and location. The frequency of the resistant allele to chlorantraniliprole in S. frugiperda estimated by using \"F2 Screen\" method was low during 2011/12 growing season (<0.0033). However, significant increase in the frequency of the resistant allele was observed in 2012/13 [0.0134 (0.0082 to 0.0198)] and 2013-14 [0.0176 (0.0084 to 0.0277)] growing seasons, indicating a high risk of resistance evolution to chlorantraniliprole in Brazil.
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Caracterização da suscetibilidade a inseticidas reguladores de crescimento de insetos em populações de Helicoverpa armigera e Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) do Brasil / Characterization of the susceptibility to insect growth regulator insecticides in populations of Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Brazil

Amado, Douglas 20 June 2017 (has links)
Os reguladores de crescimento de insetos têm sido um dos mais importantes grupos de inseticidas recomendados para o controle de Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) e Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) no Brasil, que são consideradas pragas-chave de vários sistemas de produção agrícola. Para implementar programas de manejo da resistência de insetos, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a suscetibilidade a inseticidas reguladores de crescimento de insetos em populações de H. armigera e S. frugiperda do Brasil. A caracterização das linhas-básica de suscetibilidade de H. armigera a lufenuron e methoxifenozide e de S. frugiperda a methoxifenozide foi realizada com bioensaio de tratamento superficial da dieta artificial com inseticida, utilizando-se lagartas de 3º instar. Foram verificadas baixa variabilidade na suscetibilidade de H. armigera a lufenuron, com DL50 variando de 0,30 a 1,02 &mu;g de i.a./cm2 de dieta, e a methoxifenozide, com DL50 de 2,61 a 8,02 &mu;g de i.a./cm2 de dieta, em populações coletadas em diferentes regiões agrícolas na safra 2013/2014. As doses diagnósticas, baseadas na DL99, foram de 6,36 &mu;g de i.a/cm2 de dieta para lufenuron e 31,10 &mu;g de i.a/cm2 de dieta para methoxifenozide. Foram observadas variações geográfica e temporal na suscetibilidade a lufenuron e methoxifenozide em populações de H. armigera coletadas nas safras de 2013/2014 a 2016/2017; contudo, não foi possível isolar linhagens de H. armigera resistentes a estes inseticidas, mediante o uso de técnicas de \"F2 screen\" e seleção massal. Uma baixa variabilidade na suscetibilidade de S. frugiperda a methoxifenozide foi observada para as populações coletadas na segunda safra de 2016, com DL50 variando de 0,5 a 2,1 &mu;g de i.a/cm2 de dieta. A dose diagnóstica (DL99) para monitoramento da suscetibilidade a methoxifenozide em populações de S. frugiperda foi de 6 &mu;g de i.a/cm2 de dieta. Na 2ª safra de 2016, a sobrevivência das populações de S. frugiperda avaliadas foram baixas, com valores inferiores a 10% na dose diagnóstica. Por outro lado, na 1ª safra de 2017, houve aumento na sobrevivência das populações testadas, atingindo valores de até 62%. A linhagem de S. frugiperda resistente a methoxifenozide selecionada em condições de laboratório apresentou uma baixa razão de resistência (&asymp;5 vezes). Os resultados da presente pesquisa confirmaram a alta suscetibilidade de H. armigera a lufenuron e methoxifenozide e de S. frugiperda a methoxyfenozide. As informações obtidas no presente estudo servirão para a implementação de programas proativos de manejo da resistência a esses inseticidas. / Insect growth regulators have been one of the most important group of insecticides recommended for controlling Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) in Brazil which are considered key pests of several crop production systems. To implement insect resistance management programs, the objective of this research was to characterize the susceptibility to insect growth regulators in H. armigera and S. frugiperda populations from Brazil. Baseline susceptibilities of H. armigera to lufenuron and methoxifenozide and S. frugiperda to methoxifenozide were conducted with artificial diet overlay bioassays using 3rd instar larvae. There was low variability in the susceptibility of H. armigera to lufenuron, with LD50 ranging from 0.30 to 1.02 &mu;g of a.i./cm2 of diet, and to methoxifenozide, with LD50 of 2.61 to 8.02 &mu;g of a.i./cm2 of diet across populations collected in different agricultural regions in 2013/2014 growing season. The diagnostic doses, based on DL99, were 6.36 &mu;g of a.i./cm2 of diet for lufenuron and 31.10 &mu;g of a.i./cm2 of diet for methoxifenozide. Geographic and temporal variations in susceptibility to lufenuron and methoxifenozide were observed in populations of H. armigera collected from 2013/2014 to 2016/2017 growing seasons; however, it was not possible to isolate resistant strains to these insecticides using F2 screen and massal selection approaches. There was also a low variability in the susceptibility of S. frugiperda to methoxifenozide across populations collected in the 2nd crop season in 2016, with LD50 ranging from 0.5 to 2.1 &mu;g of a.i./cm2 of diet. The diagnostic dose (DL99) for monitoring the susceptibility to methoxifenozide in S. frugiperda populations was 6 &mu;g of a.i./cm2 of diet. In the 2nd crop season of 2016, the survival at diagnostic dose of S. frugiperda populations evaluated was low (< 10%). On the other hand, in the 1st crop season of 2017, there was a significant increase in the survival across the populations tested, with values reaching up to 62% at diagnostic dose. The laboratory-selected resistant strain of S. frugiperda to methoxifenozide showed a low resistance ratio (&asymp;5 times). We confirmed the high susceptibility of H. armigera to lufenuron and methoxifenozide and S. frugiperda to methoxifenozide in Brazil. The information collected in this study will be important for implementing a proactive resistance management programs to these insecticides.
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Caracterização da suscetibilidade a inseticidas diamidas e espinosinas em populações de Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) do Brasil / Characterization of the susceptibility to diamide and spinosyn insecticides in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations from Brazil

Pereira, Rogério Machado 22 May 2017 (has links)
O manejo de Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) no Brasil tem sido baseado principalmente no controle químico. O uso de inseticidas de grupos químicos mais recentes, tais como diamidas e espinosinas, tem sido crescente no controle de H. armigera e de outros lepidópteros-praga que ocorrem em diferentes sistemas de produção de cultivos. Para a implementação de estratégias proativas de manejo da resistência de insetos, os objetivos da presente pesquisa foram (i) caracterizar as linhas-básicas de suscetibilidade a inseticidas diamidas (chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole e flubendiamide) e espinosinas (spinosad e spinetoram) em populações de H. armigera do Brasil; (ii) estimar a frequência inicial de alelo que confere resistência a chlorantraniliprole e spinosad; e (iii) caracterizar o padrão de herança da resistência de H. armigera a flubendiamide e a resistência cruzada com outras diamidas. Inicialmente foram realizadas a caracterização das linhas-básicas de suscetibilidade a inseticidas diamidas e espinosinas em sete populações de H. armigera coletadas na safra 2013/2014. Foram verificadas baixas variações na suscetibilidade a inseticidas diamidas (< 5 vezes) e espinosinas (&asymp; 2 vezes) entre as populações testadas, baseada na DL50. A frequência inicial do alelo que confere resistência de H. armigera a chlorantraniprole, estimada pelo método F2 screen, foi de 0,00694 (IC95%, 0,00018 - 0,02561) em 2014 a 0,04348 (IC95%, 0,01216 - 0,09347) em 2015. Para spinosad, a frequência foi de 0,02632 (IC95% 0,01149 - 0,04706) em populações de H. armigera coletadas na safra 2014/2015. Posteriormente, foram conduzidos o monitoramento da suscetibilidade com bioensaios de doses diagnósticas (DL99) de cada inseticida em populações de H. armigera coletadas no período de 2013 a 2017. Foram observadas reduções significativas na suscetibilidade a inseticidas diamidas em populações de H. armigera no decorrer das safras agrícolas, com sobrevivências de lagartas de 0% (em 2013) até 22% (em 2017). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na suscetibilidade a inseticidas espinosinas em populações de H. armigera no decorrer das safras agrícolas de 2013 a 2016. Contudo, foram verificadas reduções significativas na suscetibilidade das populações avaliadas na safra 2016/2017, com sobrevivência de até 20% na dose diagnóstica de spinosad. A razão de resistência da linhagem de H. armigera resistente a flubendiamide foi &asymp; 1770 vezes. Foram verificadas a presença de baixa resistência cruzada entre flubendiamide e outras diamidas (chlorantraniliprole e cyantraniliprole). Baseado nos cruzamentos recíprocos entre as linhagens suscetível e resistente a flubendiamide, o padrão de herança da resistência de H. armigera a flubendiamide é autossômico e incompletamente dominante. Retrocruzamentos da progênie dos cruzamentos recíprocos com a linhagem suscetível revelou que a resistência de H. armigera a flubendiamide é monogênica. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho evidenciam o alto risco de evolução da resistência e a necessidade de implementação de estratégias de manejo da resistência a inseticidas diamidas e espinosinas em H. armigera no Brasil. / The management of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in Brazil has been based mainly on chemical control. The use of insecticides from relatively new chemical groups, such as diamides and spinosyns, has increased to control H. armigera and other lepidopteran-pests occurring in different cropping production systems. For implementing a proactive insect resistance management, the objectives of this research were: (i) to characterize the baseline susceptibility to diamide (chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole and flubendiamide) and sypnosyn (spinosad and spinetoram) insecticides in H. armigera populations from Brazil; (ii) to estimate the initial frequency of resistance allele to chlorantraniliprole and spinosad; and (iii) to characterize the inheritance of resistance of H. armigera to flubendiamide and the cross-resistance to other diamides. Initially, the baseline susceptibility to diamide and spinosyn insecticides was characterized in seven H. armigera populations collected in 2013/2014 growing season. Low variability in the susceptibility to diamide (< 5-fold) and sypinosyn (&asymp; 2-fold) insecticides was detected among H. armigera populations, based on LD50. The initial frequency of resistance allele of H. armigera to chlorantraniliprole, estimated by F2 screen method, was 0.00694 (CI95%, 0.00018 - 0.02561) in 2014 to 0.04348 (CI95%, 0.01216 - 0.09347) in 2015. To spinosad, the frequency was 0.02632 (CI95% 0.01149 - 0.04706) in H. armigera populations collected in 2014/2015. Then, insecticide susceptibility monitoring was conducted with diagnostic dose (LD99) bioassays of each insecticide in H. armigera populations collected from 2013 to 2017. A significant reduction in the susceptibility to diamide insecticides was detected throughout growing seasons, with larval survival from 0% (in 2013) up to 22% (in 2017). There were no significant differences in the susceptibility to spinosyn insecticides in H. armigera populations collected from 2013 to 2016. However, a significant reduction in the susceptibility was detected in populations from 2016/2017 growing season, with larval survival up to 20% at the diagnostic dose of spinosad. The resistance ratio of flubendiamide-resistant strain of H. armigera was &asymp; 1,770-fold. A low cross-resistance was detected between flubendiamide and other diamides (chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole). Based on reciprocal crosses between susceptible and flubendiamide-resistant strains, the inheritance of H. armigera resistance to flubendiamide is autosomal and incompletely dominant. Backcrosses of the progenies from reciprocal crosses to the susceptible strain revealed that the resistance of H. armigera to flubendiamide is monogenic. The results obtained herein showed the high risk of resistance evolution and the need of implementation of resistance management strategies to diamide and spinosyn insecticides in H. armigera in Brazil.

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