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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Analyse génétique et cellulaire de la résistance du riz à l'agent pathogène Magnaporthe oryzae en présence de fertilisation azotée / Analyse genetic and celle of the resistance of the rice with disease Magnaporthe oryzae in nitrogen

Nguyen, Thithuthuy 04 June 2013 (has links)
Le cas de l'interaction modèle entre le riz et le champignon pathogène Magnaporthe oryzae a été étudié afin de mieux comprendre les effets d'une pratique culturale, la fertilisation azotée, sur la résistance. Ce travail a permis de mettre au point un système simplifié permettant d'étudier au laboratoire l'augmentation de la sensibilité induite par l'apport azoté, un phénomène dénommé NIS (Nitrogen-Induced Susceptibility), d'analyser les effets de l'azote sur la croissance de M. oryzae et son pouvoir pathogène, d'explorer les effets de l'azote au travers de la diversité du riz et des différents types de résistance (complètes et partielles), et d'identifier par cartographie des zones du génome du riz importantes pour la NIS. L'expression des gènes de défenses ne semble pas altérée en cas de régime riche en azote. Au contraire, le suivi cytologique de l'infection par M. oryzae a mis évidence que la pénétration du champignon n'était pas modifiée par la présence d'azote alors que sa croissance dans la plante est accrue. Le niveau de maladie a pu être augmenté par apport d'acides aminés 24h après le début de l'infection, suggérant qu'une relation trophique est probablement à la base de la NIS. Une analyse de l'effet de l'azote sur la sensibilité à la pyriculariose à travers la diversité du riz nous a permis de mieux caractériser la diversité du phénomène de NIS. La NIS est très polymorphe mais n'est pas corrélée à la différence liée aux sous-groupes indica et japonica du riz. Par ailleurs, un fort apport en azote a réduit la résistance déclenchée par le gène de résistance Pi1, suggérant que la robustesse de ces gènes peut être affectée par la NIS Enfin, un locus qui contrôle la sensibilité du riz à la pyriculariose sous un régime riche en azote a été identifié sur le chromosome 1. Plusieurs éléments suggèrent un lien possible entre l'efficacité de l'utilisation de l'azote (NUE) et la NIS. / Nitrogen-Induced Susceptibility (NIS) to plant diseases is a widespread phenomenon. In this work, we set an experimental system in which nitrogen supply strongly affects rice blast susceptibility whereas it is only slightly perturbing plant growth. We show that fungal growth is affected before and after penetration in the plant but that the final penetration rate is not affected; thus a change in penetration is not responsible for increased susceptibility. Differences in total nitrogen amount and defense gene expression before infection are unlikely to be responsible for the observed increase in penetration. After penetration, small changes in plant growth, but not modifications of the transcriptional regulation of defense genes, could be responsible for nitrogen-induced susceptibility. On the other hand, the fungus seems to perceive small differences in nitrogen amount after penetration and this may explain enhanced growth under high nitrogen regime. Indeed, exogenous treatment with some free amino acids after inoculation mimicked Nitrogen-Induced Susceptibility, further arguing that this phenomenon is mostly due to a trophic relation between the plant and the fungus. We also used our experimental system that does not strongly affect plant development to address the question of NIS polymorphism across rice diversity. We show that the capacity of rice to display NIS is highly polymorphic and does not correlate with difference related to indica/japonica sub-groups. We also tested the robustness of three different major resistance genes under high nitrogen. Nitrogen partially breaks down resistance triggered by the Pi1 gene. Cytological examination indicates that penetration rate is not affected by high nitrogen whereas growth of the fungus is increased inside the plant. Using the CSSL mapping population between Nipponbare and Kasalath, we identified a Kasalath locus on chromosome 1, called NIS1, which dominantly increases susceptibility under high nitrogen. We discuss the possible relationships between Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE), disease resistance regulation and NIS. This work provides evidences that robust forms of partial resistance exist across diversity and can be genetically mapped. This work also suggests that under certain environmental circumstances, complete resistance may breakdown, irrelevantly of the capacity of the fungus to mutate. These aspects should be considered while breeding for robust forms of resistance to blast disease.
2

Collection, conservation, exploitation and development of rice genetic resource of Vietnam: Short communication

Nguyen, Duc Bach, Tong, Van Hai, Nguyen, Van Hung, Phan, Huu Ton 09 December 2015 (has links)
Genetic resources are important for the development of every country and for humanity. Collection, conservation and reasonable utilization of genetic resource is required mission. Understanding the importance of genetic resource, especially rice germplasm, since 2001, Center for conservation and development of crop genetic resources (CCD-CGR) of Hanoi University of Agriculture (Vietnam National University of Agriculture) has been collected, conserved and evaluated rice germplasm from different provinces of Vietnam for breeding programs. So far, 1090 accessions of local rice of Vietnam have been collected. Evaluation of agronomic properties and screening of some important genes using DNA molecular markers have revealed that Vietnamese rice germplasm has high level diversity and containing important genes for quality and resistance for disease and pests. These genetic resources are potential materials for national breeding programs. Based on the collected germplasm, 3 new glutinous rice varieties have been successfully created with high yield and good quality. In addition, the degradation of local rice varieties is also a matter of concern. So far, 4 specialty rice varieties Deo Dang, Ble chau, Pu de and Khau dao have been successfully restored for the north provinces of Vietnam. The main results of this study are germplasms for rice breeding programs and new improved varieties that bring economic benefits to farmers and the country. / Nguồn gene là tài nguyên sống còn của mỗi quốc gia và của toàn nhân loại. Vì vậy thu thập, bảo tồn, đánh giá và khai thác hợp lý nguồn tài nguyên này có ý nghĩa rất lớn. Nhận thức được tầm quan trọng của nguồn gen nhất là nguồn gen cây lúa, ngay từ đầu những năm 2000, Trung tâm bảo tồn và phát triển nguồn gene cây trồng thuộc Trường Đại học nông nghiệp, nay là Học Viện nông nghiệp Việt Nam đã tiến hành thu thập, lưu giữ, đánh giá và khai thác nguồn gene lúa. Kết quả đã thu thập, lưu giữ được 1090 mẫu giống lúa địa phương Việt Nam. Đánh giá đặc điểm nông sinh học và phát hiện một số gene quy định các tính trạng chất lượng và kháng sâu bệnh bằng chỉ thị phân tử DNA. Đây là nguồn gene quan trọng cho chọn tạo giống. Dựa vào nguồn gene thu thập được, cho đến nay, Trung tâm bảo tồn và phát triển nguồn gene cây trồng đã lai và chọn tạo được thành công 03 giống lúa nếp chất lượng cao. Ngoài ra, thoái hóa giống cũng là vấn đề đang được quan tâm. Cho đến nay 4 giống lúa đặc sản Đèo đàng, Ble châu, Pu đe và Khẩu dao đã được phục tráng và đưa vào sản xuất. Kết quả của những nghiên cứu này là ngân hàng các giống lúa làm nguồn gene để chọn tạo giống mới đem lại lợi ích kinh tế cho người nông dân và đất nước.

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