This study of the Somali conflict resolution process is based on the available body of knowledge about the nature of the conflict and diplomatic initiatives aimed at finding a peaceful resolution to the conflict. It provides a brief analysis of the nature and scope of the conflict with a particular focus on key features of the conflict and on the actors and issues driving the conflict since the fall of General Mohammed Siad Barre’s military regime in 1991 and the subsequent collapse of the Somali state. The study concludes that although the nature of the conflict is acute and exceedingly complex, it is not impossible to resolve. In this regard a number of recommendations are provided in the concluding chapter. The paradox of the Somali conflict resolution processes is the consistent focus on state-building approach by mediation processes despite the failure rate of such an approach. The study argues that the mediation processes should focus on a peace-making approach to the Somali conflict resolution process. State-building should only be considered an integral part of peace-building once the resolution phase has been accomplished. This means that the international community should adopt a long-term approach when mediating the intractable Somali conflict and that such an approach should comply with the basic principles of mediation, chief amongst which is the requirement of utiliting a neutral mediator. AFRIKAANS : Hierdie studie van die Somali konflikresolusieproses is gebasseer op die beskikbare korpus van literatuur oor die aard van die konflik en die diplomatieke inisiatiewe gefokus op die soeke na ‘n vreedsame oplossing daarvan. Dit verskaf ‘n ontleding van die aard en omvang van die konflik met spesifieke aandag aan die kerneienskappe van die konflik en die akteurs en vraagstukke onderliggend aan die konflik sedert die val van Generaal Mohammed Siad Barre se militêre regime in 1991 en die daaropvolgende ineenstorting van die Somali-staat. Die studie kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat alhoewel die aard van die konflik akuut en uiters kompleks is, dit nie onmoontlik is om ‘n oplossing te vind nie. In hierdie verband word ‘n aantal voorstelle in die slothoofstuk gemaak. Die paradoks van die Somali konflikresoulusieproses is die deurlopende fokus op ‘n staat-bou proses in bemiddelingsprosesse ten spyte van die bewese mislukking van so ‘n benadering. Die studie argumenteer dat die bemiddelingsproses op die bou van vrede behoort te konsentreer. Staat-bou behoort slegs as integrale deel van die bou van vrede beskou te word in die stadium wat die konflikresolusieproses afgehandel is. Dit beteken dat die internasionale gemeenskap ‘n langtermyn benadering moet volg in bemiddeling van die konflik en dat so ‘n bendering moet voldoen aan die basiese vereistes van bemiddeling waarvan die belangrikste die vereiste van ‘n neutrale bemiddelaar is. / Dissertation (MDiplomatic Studies)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

This thesis uses worldview conflict theory to examine an unsuccessful lobbying campaign of the Coalition for Change for Caregivers and Temporary Foreign Workers. Using Nudler (1990, 1993), Blechman, Crocker, Docherty, and Garon (2000) and Docherty (1996, 2001), a worldview conflict analysis was developed and applied to the campaign. This research addresses two questions: 1) Is communication between the parties being impeded by the negotiation of reality? 2) Could the application of a worldview conflict analysis show the parties a way to communicate without negotiating reality? Data collected from publically available documents (Coalition, Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Canada, and Minister of Human Resources and Skill Development Canada) were analyzed using content analysis, Lakoff and Johnson's (1980) metaphor analysis, and worldview conflict analysis. Similarities between the parties’ worldviews (regarding what is valuable, construction and structure of the world, and enforcement of ethic) indicated ways they could communicate without negotiating reality. / Graduate

美國作為醫藥技術的領導者，為了確保其利益，並維持其領導地位，不斷在各種貿易談判場合，向世界各國施加壓力，要求提供醫藥品更強力的智慧財產保護。台灣當然也不例外，在加入跨太平洋戰略經濟夥伴關係協議 (Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, TPP)、簽訂臺美貿易暨投資架構協定 (Trade and Investment Framework Agreement, TIFA) 的壓力下，我國政府從2014年開始積極推動專利連結，雖然獲得美國商會肯定，但卻在國內業界卻引起十分強力的反彈。 專利連結，本質上只是核准前專利爭端解決程序 (Pre-Approval Patent Resolution Process) 的其中一個類型而已。核准前專利爭端解決程序，就是在特定產品上市核准的准駁中，把專利侵權問題作為准駁的考量。國際上類似的制度主要出現在人用藥品、動物藥品中，通常是在允許引據他人安全性、有效性資料的藥品中 (類新藥、學名藥)。 我國目前對類似制度的了解並不深，尤其缺乏對制度原生國－美國的全面性研究。本研究選擇以發展最早的藥品專利連結作為研究標的，並全面、深入分析其中每個機制的目的、立法/修法歷史 (含行政法規)、法院判決，探求其爭議的發展過程。在這個基礎上，本研究就引進的必要性、各種立法手段的選擇與優劣，提出「修正版柔性專利連結」，主要特徵在排除了自動停止核准期、重定核准日條款，使藥品審查和專利爭端大致維持獨立，並符合TPP的要求。希望本研究能夠幫助台灣建立一套明確、合理，且符合我國國情的核准前專利爭端解決程序。 / As the phamaceutical industry’s market leader, the United States continues to call for strengthening patent protection for pharmaceutical products during every trade negotiation, to preserve its national profit and leadership. Taiwan, being highly interested in joining “Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement” (TPP) and signing “Trade and Investment Framework Agreement” (TIFA) with the United States, Taiwan's government is actively promoting the “patent linkage” since 2014. Althougn the effort done by Taiwan's government is extremely welcomed by American Chamber of Commerce, the domestic industry, which is mainly organized with generic drug manufactors, has expressed their opposition resolutely. Patent linkage, as a kind of “pre-approval patent resolution process”, considers the possibility of patent infringement as a factor when issuing market approval. Such process are normally found in those countries that are trade partners of the United States, and espetially during the approval prosses of human-use drug products, animal drug products, which permits persons to rely on evidence or information concerning the safety and efficacy of a product that was previously approved. Our current knowledge of pre-approval patent resolution process is limited, especially on how it was oranginally created in the United States. This research will focus on the purpose, enactment, amendment, court decisions, development, and issues of patent linkage, the first-of-its-kind which is established in 1984. On this basis, the reseach will then look back to what Taiwan has faced now, and provides recommendations on whether there is necessity of introdution, how to adjust the prosses, and how to enforce it, without serious abuse. This research propose “revised soft patent linkage”, which excludes automatic stay and re-date remedy, generally keeps the independence between drug approval and patent infringement, and at the same time meets TPP requirement. The research hopes to help Taiwan establishing its own pre-approval patent resolution, fair, clear and meet the need of domestic and public the industry.