Cette thèse porte sur le partage des ressources pédagogiques et sur la conception de fonctionnalités spécifiques pour faciliter la visualisation du cycle de vie des ressources éducatives en lien avec leur utilisation en classe dans le contexte éducatif du Vietnam. Une première enquête exploratoire par questionnaire (N = 69) a permis de réaliser une brève synthèse sur l'utilisation des TIC pour l'enseignement dans les lycées du Vietnam. Une seconde enquête par questionnaire (N=905) et par entretien (N= 25) a mis en évidence des différences entre les enseignants dans le partage des ressources pédagogiques (selon le genre, le type de discipline et le type de lycée d’exercice). Elle a recueilli les opinions des enseignants sur les fonctionnalités d’un site efficace de partage et sur la formation du cycle de vie d’une ressource. Ensuite, deux expérimentations concernant le partage entre enseignants ont révélé un faible partage des ressources pédagogiques, un faible ajout de nouvelles versions ainsi que des discussions peu nombreuses sur les sujets pédagogiques. Cette thèse confirme l’idée d’un partage possible des ressources éducatives en mettant l’accent sur les facteurs favorables tels que la qualité des ressources, la motivation, la confiance des contributeurs, l’incitation, la mise en place de fonctionnalités de discussion et de partage de ressources avec un site web. Les obstacles au partage ont été recensés, notamment le manque de temps, le manque de confiance, le manque de motivation, une certaine forme de culture, le droit d'auteur, l’instabilité de la qualité du réseau internet, le manque de connaissances sur les TIC, la concurrence dans le travail, la barrière du leadership de l’école. Cette thèse permet d’envisager d’autres perspectives d’étude sur le partage des ressources pédagogiques et peut aider à la conception d’un site web facilitant le partage entre les enseignants. / This thesis deals with a study on the educational resources sharing. The focus is on the design of specific functionalities to facilitate the visualization of the life cycle of educational resources intended for classroom use in the educational context of Vietnam. The initial quantitative exploratory study using questionnaires (N = 69 teachers) offered a brief summary about ICT usage in secondary school in Vietnam. The second study using a quantitative survey (N= 905 teachers) and interviews (N= 25 teachers) emphasized differences between teachers in the sharing of educational resources. These differences are expressed according to their gender, their discipline and the type of school they are working in. This second study also collected their opinions on functionalities of an effective site for resource sharing and on the formation of the life cycle of a resource. Then, two experiments revealed that teachers had few practice in (1) sharing educational resources with their pairs, (2) posting new version of a previously shared resource and (3) discussing in the forum on educational topics. This thesis argues that educational resource sharing among teachers is possible and could be supported by success factors such as: quality of resources, motivation, contributors’ self-confidence, social support, and technical functionalities to facilitate discussion and sharing on the website. The revealed barriers to sharing include: time pressure, lack of confidence, lack of motivation, culture, copyright, Internet connexion unreliability, low ICT skills, competition in the workplace, the barrier of school leadership. This work in the specific vietnamees context marked out the way for further studies on educational resource sharing in other cultural contexts and should be inspiring to design a website to facilitate sharing among teachers.

O atual modelo de alocação espectral implementado pelas autoridades governamentais somado à crescente demanda por recursos imposta pela implementação de modernas aplicações e serviços de rede irá resultar em um problema relacionado à escassez de recursos em um futuro próximo. Lidar com este problema demanda esforços no sentido de melhorar a alocação de recursos. Uma das maneiras de atingir este tipo de melhoria é permitir o compartilhamento de recursos entre operadores em redes homogêneas e heterogêneas que podem implementar diferentes tecnologias, como a utilização coletiva do espectro e de recursos licenciados. Diversos trabalhos relacionados à esta pesquisa foram propostos. Entretanto, estes trabalhos geralmente identificam a necessidade de obter recursos adicionais, porém buscam por esses recursos sem levar em conta os requisitos de qualidade de serviço e o custo envolvido no compartilhamento desses recursos. Considerando esse contexto, nesta tese, uma nova arquitetura é proposta para permitir a implementação do compartilhamento de recursos e para encorajar operadores a alugarem recursos sobressalentes levando em conta o custo e a qualidade de serviço oferecida. Esta abordagem permite que operadores tenha ganhos com o aluguel dos recursos, ao mesmo tempo em que o cliente recebe serviços com maior qualidade. As principais contribuições da arquitetura proposta incluem o projeto de um controlador de recursos para coordenar o processo de compartilhamento. Esse controlador busca estabelecer contratos de serviço dinâmicos levando em conta a qualidade de serviço requerida. Para tanto, é necessária a troca de informações que, no caso da arquitetura proposta, é mantida baixa para evitar que a rede seja sobrecarregada e acabe interferindo com o tráfego de dados. Além disso, a solução proposta é capaz de tomar decisões rápidas sobre a alocação de recursos, o que permite o redirecionamento do tráfego sem que ocorram interferências com os demais usuários. A arquitetura proposta é modela analiticamente e simulada com o auxílio da ferramenta Matlab. O desempenho da proposta é medido em três diferentes cenários, considerando tanto redes homogêneas, quanto heterogêneas. A sobrecarga gerada pela troca de informações de controle corresponde a menos de 1% do tráfego total da rede, o que é desprezível do ponto de vista da interferência com o tráfego de dados. As decisões rápidas tomadas pela arquitetura são baseadas na previsão acurada do tráfego futuro da rede e permitem o redirecionamento do tráfego para outras redes em um tempo até 46% abaixo do limite máximo especificado na literatura para este tipo de redirecionamento. Os resultados mostram ainda que as métricas de atraso e variação do atraso também são mantidas abaixo dos limites especificados, o que indica que a qualidade de serviço é garantida nos cenários avaliados. / The static model currently applied by governmental authorities for allocating the spectrum of frequencies and the increasing demand for network resources imposed by modern applications and services may lead to a resources scarcity problem in the near future. Dealing with this problem demands improvements on resources allocation. One of the ways of providing such improvements is by allowing resources sharing among network operators in both homogeneous and heterogeneous network scenarios. These network operators may implement different technologies, such as collective use of spectrum and licensed shared access to the spectrum of frequencies. Many related works have been proposed in the same context of the presented research, however these related works generally identify the need for additional resources and search for available resources without taking into account the QoS requirements of the resources renter and the costs involved in the resources sharing initiative. Therefore, in this thesis, a novel architecture is proposed to facilitate the implementation of resources sharing and consequently encourage network operators to lease their underutilized resources taking into account both the cost and the QoS requirements. This approach allows the network operator which is serving the resources to improve its profits at the same time that allows quality of service improvements to the resources renter. The main contributions of the proposed architecture include but are not limited to the design of a multilevel resources broker to control the resources sharing process. This broker is concerned on dynamically establishing a service level agreement that takes into account the quality of service requirements of resources renter. This process focuses on exchanging a small amount of control information to prevent the overhead from interfering with the legitimate traffic of the network operators. Another important contribution of the proposed approach is to improve the resources allocation in comparison with related work. Furthermore, the proposed solution is capable of taking fast decisions regarding resources allocation, what leads to the implementation of fast handover, allowing the traffic steering without interfering with incumbent users. The proposed architecture is modeled analytically and simulated using Matlab to evaluate its behavior in three different scenarios, considering both homogeneous and heterogeneous networks. The overhead in practical operation scenarios is kept under 1% of the total network traffic, what is considered not to interfere with the transmissions of the network operators. The fast decisions taken by the resources sharing architecture are based on accurate traffic load forecasting, what leads to fast handover, attaining times up to 46% lower than the maximum allowed handover duration. Results also show that both delay and jitter metrics are controlled to be maintained below their specific thresholds of the analyzed applications and therefore, the QoS is guaranteed for the resources renter, considering the coexistence of up to 500 devices.

O atual modelo de alocação espectral implementado pelas autoridades governamentais somado à crescente demanda por recursos imposta pela implementação de modernas aplicações e serviços de rede irá resultar em um problema relacionado à escassez de recursos em um futuro próximo. Lidar com este problema demanda esforços no sentido de melhorar a alocação de recursos. Uma das maneiras de atingir este tipo de melhoria é permitir o compartilhamento de recursos entre operadores em redes homogêneas e heterogêneas que podem implementar diferentes tecnologias, como a utilização coletiva do espectro e de recursos licenciados. Diversos trabalhos relacionados à esta pesquisa foram propostos. Entretanto, estes trabalhos geralmente identificam a necessidade de obter recursos adicionais, porém buscam por esses recursos sem levar em conta os requisitos de qualidade de serviço e o custo envolvido no compartilhamento desses recursos. Considerando esse contexto, nesta tese, uma nova arquitetura é proposta para permitir a implementação do compartilhamento de recursos e para encorajar operadores a alugarem recursos sobressalentes levando em conta o custo e a qualidade de serviço oferecida. Esta abordagem permite que operadores tenha ganhos com o aluguel dos recursos, ao mesmo tempo em que o cliente recebe serviços com maior qualidade. As principais contribuições da arquitetura proposta incluem o projeto de um controlador de recursos para coordenar o processo de compartilhamento. Esse controlador busca estabelecer contratos de serviço dinâmicos levando em conta a qualidade de serviço requerida. Para tanto, é necessária a troca de informações que, no caso da arquitetura proposta, é mantida baixa para evitar que a rede seja sobrecarregada e acabe interferindo com o tráfego de dados. Além disso, a solução proposta é capaz de tomar decisões rápidas sobre a alocação de recursos, o que permite o redirecionamento do tráfego sem que ocorram interferências com os demais usuários. A arquitetura proposta é modela analiticamente e simulada com o auxílio da ferramenta Matlab. O desempenho da proposta é medido em três diferentes cenários, considerando tanto redes homogêneas, quanto heterogêneas. A sobrecarga gerada pela troca de informações de controle corresponde a menos de 1% do tráfego total da rede, o que é desprezível do ponto de vista da interferência com o tráfego de dados. As decisões rápidas tomadas pela arquitetura são baseadas na previsão acurada do tráfego futuro da rede e permitem o redirecionamento do tráfego para outras redes em um tempo até 46% abaixo do limite máximo especificado na literatura para este tipo de redirecionamento. Os resultados mostram ainda que as métricas de atraso e variação do atraso também são mantidas abaixo dos limites especificados, o que indica que a qualidade de serviço é garantida nos cenários avaliados. / The static model currently applied by governmental authorities for allocating the spectrum of frequencies and the increasing demand for network resources imposed by modern applications and services may lead to a resources scarcity problem in the near future. Dealing with this problem demands improvements on resources allocation. One of the ways of providing such improvements is by allowing resources sharing among network operators in both homogeneous and heterogeneous network scenarios. These network operators may implement different technologies, such as collective use of spectrum and licensed shared access to the spectrum of frequencies. Many related works have been proposed in the same context of the presented research, however these related works generally identify the need for additional resources and search for available resources without taking into account the QoS requirements of the resources renter and the costs involved in the resources sharing initiative. Therefore, in this thesis, a novel architecture is proposed to facilitate the implementation of resources sharing and consequently encourage network operators to lease their underutilized resources taking into account both the cost and the QoS requirements. This approach allows the network operator which is serving the resources to improve its profits at the same time that allows quality of service improvements to the resources renter. The main contributions of the proposed architecture include but are not limited to the design of a multilevel resources broker to control the resources sharing process. This broker is concerned on dynamically establishing a service level agreement that takes into account the quality of service requirements of resources renter. This process focuses on exchanging a small amount of control information to prevent the overhead from interfering with the legitimate traffic of the network operators. Another important contribution of the proposed approach is to improve the resources allocation in comparison with related work. Furthermore, the proposed solution is capable of taking fast decisions regarding resources allocation, what leads to the implementation of fast handover, allowing the traffic steering without interfering with incumbent users. The proposed architecture is modeled analytically and simulated using Matlab to evaluate its behavior in three different scenarios, considering both homogeneous and heterogeneous networks. The overhead in practical operation scenarios is kept under 1% of the total network traffic, what is considered not to interfere with the transmissions of the network operators. The fast decisions taken by the resources sharing architecture are based on accurate traffic load forecasting, what leads to fast handover, attaining times up to 46% lower than the maximum allowed handover duration. Results also show that both delay and jitter metrics are controlled to be maintained below their specific thresholds of the analyzed applications and therefore, the QoS is guaranteed for the resources renter, considering the coexistence of up to 500 devices.

O atual modelo de alocação espectral implementado pelas autoridades governamentais somado à crescente demanda por recursos imposta pela implementação de modernas aplicações e serviços de rede irá resultar em um problema relacionado à escassez de recursos em um futuro próximo. Lidar com este problema demanda esforços no sentido de melhorar a alocação de recursos. Uma das maneiras de atingir este tipo de melhoria é permitir o compartilhamento de recursos entre operadores em redes homogêneas e heterogêneas que podem implementar diferentes tecnologias, como a utilização coletiva do espectro e de recursos licenciados. Diversos trabalhos relacionados à esta pesquisa foram propostos. Entretanto, estes trabalhos geralmente identificam a necessidade de obter recursos adicionais, porém buscam por esses recursos sem levar em conta os requisitos de qualidade de serviço e o custo envolvido no compartilhamento desses recursos. Considerando esse contexto, nesta tese, uma nova arquitetura é proposta para permitir a implementação do compartilhamento de recursos e para encorajar operadores a alugarem recursos sobressalentes levando em conta o custo e a qualidade de serviço oferecida. Esta abordagem permite que operadores tenha ganhos com o aluguel dos recursos, ao mesmo tempo em que o cliente recebe serviços com maior qualidade. As principais contribuições da arquitetura proposta incluem o projeto de um controlador de recursos para coordenar o processo de compartilhamento. Esse controlador busca estabelecer contratos de serviço dinâmicos levando em conta a qualidade de serviço requerida. Para tanto, é necessária a troca de informações que, no caso da arquitetura proposta, é mantida baixa para evitar que a rede seja sobrecarregada e acabe interferindo com o tráfego de dados. Além disso, a solução proposta é capaz de tomar decisões rápidas sobre a alocação de recursos, o que permite o redirecionamento do tráfego sem que ocorram interferências com os demais usuários. A arquitetura proposta é modela analiticamente e simulada com o auxílio da ferramenta Matlab. O desempenho da proposta é medido em três diferentes cenários, considerando tanto redes homogêneas, quanto heterogêneas. A sobrecarga gerada pela troca de informações de controle corresponde a menos de 1% do tráfego total da rede, o que é desprezível do ponto de vista da interferência com o tráfego de dados. As decisões rápidas tomadas pela arquitetura são baseadas na previsão acurada do tráfego futuro da rede e permitem o redirecionamento do tráfego para outras redes em um tempo até 46% abaixo do limite máximo especificado na literatura para este tipo de redirecionamento. Os resultados mostram ainda que as métricas de atraso e variação do atraso também são mantidas abaixo dos limites especificados, o que indica que a qualidade de serviço é garantida nos cenários avaliados. / The static model currently applied by governmental authorities for allocating the spectrum of frequencies and the increasing demand for network resources imposed by modern applications and services may lead to a resources scarcity problem in the near future. Dealing with this problem demands improvements on resources allocation. One of the ways of providing such improvements is by allowing resources sharing among network operators in both homogeneous and heterogeneous network scenarios. These network operators may implement different technologies, such as collective use of spectrum and licensed shared access to the spectrum of frequencies. Many related works have been proposed in the same context of the presented research, however these related works generally identify the need for additional resources and search for available resources without taking into account the QoS requirements of the resources renter and the costs involved in the resources sharing initiative. Therefore, in this thesis, a novel architecture is proposed to facilitate the implementation of resources sharing and consequently encourage network operators to lease their underutilized resources taking into account both the cost and the QoS requirements. This approach allows the network operator which is serving the resources to improve its profits at the same time that allows quality of service improvements to the resources renter. The main contributions of the proposed architecture include but are not limited to the design of a multilevel resources broker to control the resources sharing process. This broker is concerned on dynamically establishing a service level agreement that takes into account the quality of service requirements of resources renter. This process focuses on exchanging a small amount of control information to prevent the overhead from interfering with the legitimate traffic of the network operators. Another important contribution of the proposed approach is to improve the resources allocation in comparison with related work. Furthermore, the proposed solution is capable of taking fast decisions regarding resources allocation, what leads to the implementation of fast handover, allowing the traffic steering without interfering with incumbent users. The proposed architecture is modeled analytically and simulated using Matlab to evaluate its behavior in three different scenarios, considering both homogeneous and heterogeneous networks. The overhead in practical operation scenarios is kept under 1% of the total network traffic, what is considered not to interfere with the transmissions of the network operators. The fast decisions taken by the resources sharing architecture are based on accurate traffic load forecasting, what leads to fast handover, attaining times up to 46% lower than the maximum allowed handover duration. Results also show that both delay and jitter metrics are controlled to be maintained below their specific thresholds of the analyzed applications and therefore, the QoS is guaranteed for the resources renter, considering the coexistence of up to 500 devices.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:23:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diogo Cortiz Silva.pdf: 1671903 bytes, checksum: ee5719b8fbbb5e1d9a7de4b35b463f43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-01 / This research debates the excess of worldwide available computational resources with exceeded processing capacity and also how the utilization of the sharing and collaboration concepts influence the integration of those devices to constitute an economic environment with high processing capacity. Currently, it is possible to find a great amount of personal computers, servers and others devices that show high level of idleness, while they could be being used for another purpose, once there are many scientific researches, collaborative projects and digital inclusion programs that are short of resources to reach theirs objectives. The Grid Computing technology was conceived as an alternative to integrate geographically distributed resources pertaining to different domains, enabling a decentralized computational environment. The main objective of this research is to analyze how this technology can generate benefits to the social, environment and economic contexts. In the social approach, Grid Computing stimulates the collaboration and the sharing of computational resources and applications, as well as providing features that are very useful for data transparency between many domains. Those characteristics are also important for the scientific inclusion. The first Case Study approaches the importance of Grid Computing for the collaborative tasks found in the scientific project of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), which allowed many research institutions and universities around the world to build a shared computational environment of large scale for processing the data generated by LHC. In the environment context, this technology also presents some characteristics to make the computational resources more energy efficient increasing the use of its computational capacities. The second Case Study analyzes the data related to the amount of personal computers connected in the Internet and how to implement Grid Computing based on the Volunteer Computing model to make those computers more productive with no relevant impact in the energy consumption. This research also highlights the synergy between Grid Computing and Cloud Computing, its financial advantages and the generation of new business models based on the commercialization of platform and software as a service in the Internet. The third Case Study analyzes a Cloud Computing model that delivers computational resources (such as a whole server) as a service, enabling a scenario where companies and people could contract a computational environment with a quick provisioning with no need to purchase equipments and to invest in implementation projects. Finally, it is possible to appoint both technologies as relevant trends for the coming years, which can be an influence to generate new software models, platforms and services focused in the Internet / Esta dissertação discute o excesso de recursos computacionais disponíveis mundialmente com capacidade de processamento excedente e também debate como o emprego dos conceitos de compartilhamento e colaboração influenciam a integração desses dispositivos para constituir um ambiente econômico e com alta capacidade de processamento. Atualmente, é possível encontrar uma grande quantidade de computadores pessoais, servidores, entre outros dispositivos, que apresentam elevados níveis de ociosidade. Estes poderiam ser utilizados para outra finalidade, haja vista pesquisas científicas, projetos colaborativos e programas de inclusão digital carentes de recursos para atingirem seus objetivos. A tecnologia de Grid Computing, também chamada de Computação em Grade, foi concebida como uma alternativa para integrar recursos distribuídos geograficamente e pertencentes a diferentes domínios, habilitando um ambiente computacional abrangente e descentralizado. O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar como essa tecnologia, baseada no conceito de colaboração, pode gerar benefícios no contexto social, ambiental e econômico. No âmbito social, Grid Computing estimula o trabalho colaborativo e o compartilhamento de recursos computacionais e aplicacões, além de prover funcionalidades que auxiliam na transparência de dados entre diversos domínios. Essas características também são importantes para a inclusão científica. O primeiro Estudo de Caso aborda a importância de Grid Computing para o projeto científico do Superacelerador de Partículas (LHC). No contexto ambiental, essa tecnologia também apresenta características para tornar os recursos computacionais mais eficientes em relação ao consumo de energia através do aumento do uso de sua capacidade computacional. O segundo Estudo de Caso aborda dados em relação à quantidade de máquinas conectadas à Internet e como uma aplicação de Grid Computing, no modelo de Computação Voluntária, pode tornálas mais produtivas e, consequentemente, mais eficientes no consumo de recursos energéticos. Já no contexto econômico, é de importância destacar a sinergia existente entre Grid Computing e Cloud Computing, as suas vantagens financeiras e a geração de novos modelos de negócios através da comercialização de plataformas e softwares como serviços na Internet, e não mais como produtos. O terceiro Estudo de Caso aborda um modelo de Cloud Computing que disponibiliza recursos computacionais em forma de serviços, permitindo que empresas e pessoas físicas possam contratar um ambiente computacional de rápido provisionamento, sem a necessidade de adquirir equipamentos e investir em projetos de implementação. Por fim, ambas as tecnologias são apontadas como grandes tendências para os próximos anos, as quais influenciarão a geração de novos modelos de softwares, plataformas e serviços voltados à Internet

Ces travaux abordent la problématique du contrôle endogène dans les Systèmes Multi-Agents (SMA) pour la résolution de problèmes complexes, que nous explorons grâce au problème de partage de ressources critiques. Les problèmes dits complexes que nous abordons se caractérisent par une explosion combinatoire du nombre de solutions avec la taille des problèmes, une forte dynamique des données du problème induite par un environnement ouvert dans lequel de nombreux événements peuvent avoir lieu, une grande complexité systémique issue des interdépendances entre les nombreuses variables du problèmes et enfin une décentralisation du processus de résolution imposée par une distribution physique et fonctionnelle des variables incompatible avec une vision centralisée du problème. Un parcours complet des espaces de recherche associés à de tels problèmes est irréaliste en un temps acceptable, il est alors nécessaire d'employer des méthodes de résolution dite incomplètes. Quelque soit l'approche incomplète considérée, le parcours incomplet de l'espace de recherche requiert un contrôle afin de maximiser la probabilité de converger vers une solution satisfaisante. Nous identifions trois niveaux de contrôle du parcours de l'espace de recherche indépendamment de l'approche utilisée : un contrôle statique (définition a priori du comportement du système), un contrôle dynamique (évoluant en cours de résolution selon des mécanismes préétablis) et un contrôle adaptatif (évoluant dynamiquement en cours de résolution). Nous montrons qu'un contrôle endogène de l'activité du système, c.-à-d. un contrôle adaptatif issu de l'activité même des agents, est nécessaire au guidage du parcours de l'espace de recherche dans le contexte de résolution de problèmes complexes. Ces travaux ayant été réalisés dans un contexte de collaboration industrielle, ils s'appuient sur une approche développée au cours de précédents travaux : CESNA (Complex Exchanges between Stigmergic Negotiating Agents). CESNA est une approche multi-agents auto-organisationnelle exploitant des agents situés dans un environnement matérialisant le problème et exploité par un processus de résolution basé sur une négociation stigmergique entre les agents. Le cas applicatif utilisé par l'approche CESNA et permettant d'illustrer ces travaux est le problème de partage de ressources critiques, caractérisé par un ensemble restreint de ressources exploitées par un grand nombre de consommateurs. Nos contributions sont de deux types : nous avons dans un premier temps proposé des évolutions de la représentation du problème exploitée par l'approche initiale (CESNA) afin d'en supprimer les limitations interdisant un passage à l'échelle, et dans un second temps, nous avons défini un nouveau modèle (MANA : Multi-level bAlancing Negotiating Agents) exploitant cette nouvelle représentation à l'aide d'un nouveau processus de résolution basé sur des mécanismes endogènes de contrôle de l'activité du système. Ces mécanismes reposent sur la matérialisation des effets microscopiques du phénomène macroscopique à orienter (le parcours de l'espace de recherche) afin de le rendre perceptible localement par les agents. Nos mesures montrent que ce nouveau modèle permet le passage à l'échelle (la résolution de problèmes industriels de grande taille) et une amélioration significative des performances de résolution par rapport à l'approche initiale montrant ainsi l'efficacité du guidage permis par les mécanismes utilisés. / This work addresses the issue of the endogenous control of Multi-Agents Systems (MAS) for solving complex problems, which we explore through the critical resources sharing problem. The complex problems we address are characterized by a combinatorial explosion of number of solutions with the size of the problems, a strong dynamic of the problem's data caused by an open environment in which many events can take place, a huge systemic complexity caused by the interdependencies between the many variables of the problem and a decentralization of the resolution process imposed by a physical and functional distribution of the variables incompatible with a centralized view of the problem. A complete course of the search space associated with such problems is unrealistic in an acceptable time, it is necessary to employ resolution methods known as incomplete. Whatever the incomplete approach considered, the incomplete course of the search space requires a control to maximize the probability of converging to a satisfactory solution. We identify three levels of control of the course of the search space regardless of the used approach : a static control (textit a priori definition of the behavior of the system), a dynamic control (evolving during the resolution according to pre-established mechanisms) and adaptive control (dynamically evolving during resolution). We show that an endogenous control of the system activity, ie. an adaptive control from the agents activity, is necessary to guide the course of the search space in the context of solving complex problems. This work was made in a context of industrial collaboration, they rely on an approach developed in previous work : CESNA (Complex Exchanges Between Stigmergic Negotiating Agents). CESNA is a multi-agent self-organizational approach using agents situated in an environment embodying the problem and used by a resolution process based on a stigmergic negotiation between agents. The application used by the CESNA approach allowing to illustrate this work is the critical resources sharing problem, characterized by a limited set of resources exploited by many consumers. Our contributions are of two kinds : we initially proposed changes in the representation of the problem used by the initial approach (CESNA) to remove restrictions prohibiting scalability, and in a second time we defined a new model (MANA : Multi-level balancing Negotiating Agents) using this new representation with a new resolution process based on endogenous control mechanisms of the system activity. These mechanisms are based on the materialization of the microscopic effects of the macroscopic phenomenon to direct (the path in the search space) to make it noticeable by agents. Our measurements show that this new model allows the scaling (the resolution of industrial problems) and a significant performances improvement of the resolution showing the effectiveness of the control allowed by the mechanisms used.

[ES] La interoperabilidad entre los objetos comunicados es el objetivo principal del internet de las cosas (IoT). Algunos esfuerzos para lograrlo han generado diversas propuestas de arquitecturas, sin embargo, aún no se ha llegado a un conceso. Estas arquitecturas difieren en el tipo de estructura, grado de centralización, algoritmo de enrutamiento, métricas de enrutamiento, técnicas de descubrimiento, algoritmos de búsqueda, segmentación, calidad de servicio y seguridad, entre otros. Algunas son mejores que otras, dependiendo del entorno en el que se desempeñan y del tipo de parámetro que se use. Las más populares son las orientadas a eventos o acciones basadas en reglas, las cuales han permitido que IoT ingrese en el mercado y logre una rápida masificación. Sin embargo, su interoperabilidad se basa en alianzas entre fabricantes para lograr su compatibilidad. Esta solución se logra en la nube con una plataforma que unifica a las diferentes marcas aliadas. Esto permite la introducción de estas tecnologías a la vida común de los usuarios pero no resuelve problemas de autonomía ni de interoperabilidad. Además, no incluye a la nueva generación de redes inteligentes basadas en cosas inteligentes. La arquitectura propuesta en esta tesis toma los aspectos más relevantes de las cuatro arquitecturas IoT más aceptadas y las integra en una, separando la capa IoT (comúnmente presente en estas arquitecturas), en tres capas. Además, está pensada para abarcar redes de proximidad (integrando diferentes tecnologías de interconexión IoT) y basar su funcionamiento en inteligencia artificial (AI). Por lo tanto, esta propuesta aumenta la posibilidad de lograr la interoperabilidad esperada y aumenta la funcionalidad de cada objeto en la red enfocada en prestar un servicio al usuario. Aunque el sistema que se propone incluye el procesamiento de una inteligencia artificial, sigue los mismos aspectos técnicos que sus antecesoras, ya que su operación y comunicación continúan basándose en la capa de aplicación y trasporte de la pila de protocolo TCP/IP. Sin embargo, con el fin de aprovechar los protocolos IoT sin modificar su funcionamiento, se crea un protocolo adicional que se encapsula y adapta a su carga útil. Se trata de un protocolo que se encarga de descubrir las características de un objeto (DFSP) divididas en funciones, servicios, capacidades y recursos, y las extrae para centralizarla en el administrador de la red (IoT-Gateway). Con esta información el IoT-Gateway puede tomar decisiones como crear grupos de trabajo autónomos que presten un servicio al usuario y enrutar a los objetos de este grupo que prestan el servicio, además de medir la calidad de la experiencia (QoE) del servicio; también administra el acceso a internet e integra a otras redes IoT, utilizando inteligencia artificial en la nube. Al basarse esta propuesta en un nuevo sistema jerárquico para interconectar objetos de diferente tipo controlados por AI con una gestión centralizada, se reduce la tolerancia a fallos y seguridad, y se mejora el procesamiento de los datos. Los datos son preprocesados en tres niveles dependiendo del tipo de servicio y enviados a través de una interfaz. Sin embargo, si se trata de datos sobre sus características estos no requieren mucho procesamiento, por lo que cada objeto los preprocesa de forma independiente, los estructura y los envía a la administración central. La red IoT basada en esta arquitectura tiene la capacidad de clasificar un objeto nuevo que llegue a la red en un grupo de trabajo sin la intervención del usuario. Además de tener la capacidad de prestar un servicio que requiera un alto procesamiento (por ejemplo, multimedia), y un seguimiento del usuario en otras redes IoT a través de la nube. / [CA] La interoperabilitat entre els objectes comunicats és l'objectiu principal de la internet de les coses (IoT). Alguns esforços per aconseguir-ho han generat diverses propostes d'arquitectures, però, encara no s'arriba a un concens. Aquestes arquitectures difereixen en el tipus d'estructura, grau de centralització, algoritme d'encaminament, mètriques d'enrutament, tècniques de descobriment, algoritmes de cerca, segmentació, qualitat de servei i seguretat entre d'altres. Algunes són millors que altres depenent de l'entorn en què es desenvolupen i de el tipus de paràmetre que es faci servir. Les més populars són les orientades a esdeveniments o accions basades en regles. Les quals li han permès entrar al mercat i aconseguir una ràpida massificació. No obstant això, la seva interoperabilitat es basa en aliances entre fabricants per aconseguir la seva compatibilitat. Aquesta solució s'aconsegueix en el núvol amb una plataforma que unifica les diferents marques aliades. Això permet la introducció d'aquestes tecnologies a la vida comuna dels usuaris però no resol problemes d'autonomia ni d'interoperabilitat. A més, no inclou a la nova generació de xarxes intel·ligents basades en coses intel·ligents. L'arquitectura proposada en aquesta tesi, pren els aspectes més rellevants de les quatre arquitectures IoT mes acceptades i les integra en una, separant la capa IoT (comunament present en aquestes arquitectures), en tres capes. A més aquesta pensada en abastar xarxes de proximitat (integrant diferents tecnologies d'interconnexió IoT) i basar el seu funcionament en intel·ligència artificial. Per tant, aquesta proposta augmenta la possibilitat d'aconseguir la interoperabilitat esperada i augmenta la funcionalitat de cada objecte a la xarxa enfocada a prestar un servei a l'usuari. Tot i que el sistema que es proposa inclou el processament d'una intel·ligència artificial, segueix els mateixos aspectes tècnics que les seves antecessores, ja que, la seva operació i comunicació se segueix basant en la capa d'aplicació i transport de la pila de protocol TCP / IP. No obstant això, per tal d'aprofitar els protocols IoT sense modificar el seu funcionament es crea un protocol addicional que s'encapsula i s'adapta a la seva càrrega útil. Es tracta d'un protocol que s'encarrega de descobrir les característiques d'un objecte (DFSP) dividides en funcions, serveis, capacitats i recursos, i les extreu per centralitzar-la en l'administrador de la xarxa (IoT-Gateway). Amb aquesta informació l'IoT-Gateway pot prendre decisions com crear grups de treball autònoms que prestin un servei a l'usuari i encaminar als objectes d'aquest grup que presten el servei. A més de mesurar la qualitat de l'experiència (QoE) de el servei. També administra l'accés a internet i integra a altres xarxes Iot, utilitzant intel·ligència artificial en el núvol. A l'basar-se aquesta proposta en un nou sistema jeràrquic per interconnectar objectes de diferent tipus controlats per AI amb una gestió centralitzada, es redueix la tolerància a fallades i seguretat, i es millora el processament de les dades. Les dades són processats en tres nivells depenent de el tipus de servei i enviats a través d'una interfície. No obstant això, si es tracta de dades sobre les seves característiques aquests no requereixen molt processament, de manera que cada objecte els processa de forma independent, els estructura i els envia a l'administració central. La xarxa IoT basada en aquesta arquitectura té la capacitat de classificar un objecte nou que arribi a la xarxa en un grup de treball sense la intervenció de l'usuari. A més de tenir la capacitat de prestar un servei que requereixi un alt processament (per exemple multimèdia), i un seguiment de l'usuari en altres xarxes IoT a través del núvol. / [EN] Interoperability between communicating objects is the main goal of the Internet of Things (IoT). Efforts to achieve this have generated several architectures' proposals; however, no consensus has yet been reached. These architectures differ in structure, degree of centralisation, routing algorithm, routing metrics, discovery techniques, search algorithms, segmentation, quality of service, and security. Some are better than others depending on the environment in which they perform, and the type of parameter used. The most popular are those oriented to events or actions based on rules, which has allowed them to enter the market and achieve rapid massification. However, their interoperability is based on alliances between manufacturers to achieve compatibility. This solution is achieved in the cloud with a dashboard that unifies the different allied brands, allowing the introduction of these technologies into users' everyday lives but does not solve problems of autonomy or interoperability. Moreover, it does not include the new generation of smart grids based on smart things. The architecture proposed in this thesis takes the most relevant aspects of the four most accepted IoT-Architectures and integrates them into one, separating the IoT layer (commonly present in these architectures) into three layers. It is also intended to cover proximity networks (integrating different IoT interconnection technologies) and base its operation on artificial intelligence (AI). Therefore, this proposal increases the possibility of achieving the expected interoperability and increases the functionality of each object in the network focused on providing a service to the user. Although the proposed system includes artificial intelligence processing, it follows the same technical aspects as its predecessors since its operation and communication is still based on the application and transport layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack. However, in order to take advantage of IoT-Protocols without modifying their operation, an additional protocol is created that encapsulates and adapts to its payload. This protocol discovers the features of an object (DFSP) divided into functions, services, capabilities, and resources, and extracts them to be centralised in the network manager (IoT-Gateway). With this information, the IoT-Gateway can make decisions such as creating autonomous workgroups that provide a service to the user and routing the objects in this group that provide the service. It also measures the quality of experience (QoE) of the service. Moreover, manages internet access and integrates with other IoT-Networks, using artificial intelligence in the cloud. This proposal is based on a new hierarchical system for interconnecting objects of different types controlled by AI with centralised management, reducing the fault tolerance and security, and improving data processing. Data is preprocessed on three levels depending on the type of service and sent through an interface. However, if it is data about its features, it does not require much processing, so each object preprocesses it independently, structures it and sends it to the central administration. The IoT-Network based on this architecture can classify a new object arriving on the network in a workgroup without user intervention. It also can provide a service that requires high processing (e.g., multimedia), and user tracking in other IoT-Networks through the cloud. / González Ramírez, PL. (2022). Interconnection Architecture of Proximity Smart IoE-Networks with Centralised Management [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/181892 / TESIS