Chan, Hoi Weun Kilkenny. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 233-248). / Abstract also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / ABSTRACT (IN CHINESE) --- p.iv / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.vi / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.viii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xiv / LIST OF PLATES --- p.xvi / LIST OF APPENDICES --- p.xvii / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.xviii / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Conceptual framework --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Study objectives --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4 --- Significance of research --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5 --- Organization of thesis --- p.12 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- LITERATURE REVIEW / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2 --- The geographical setting of Hong Kong --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Climate of Hong Kong --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Geology of Hong Kong --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Soils of Hong Kong --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Vegetation of Hong Kong --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3 --- Forestry management in Hong Kong --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4 --- Land degradation and growth constraints --- p.20 / Chapter 2.5 --- Importance of ecological rehabilitation --- p.23 / Chapter 2.6 --- Use of exotic and native species in ecological rehabilitation --- p.27 / Chapter 2.7 --- Myths of native species --- p.32 / Chapter 2.8 --- Quarrying and quarry rehabilitation in Hong Kong --- p.34 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- Permit quarries --- p.34 / Chapter 2.8.2 --- Contract quarries --- p.36 / Chapter 2.8.3 --- Quarry rehabilitation contracts --- p.37 / Chapter 2.9 --- Constraints of quarry rehabilitation --- p.39 / Chapter 2.10 --- Characteristics of quarry growth substrates --- p.41 / Chapter 2.11 --- Soil amendment materials --- p.42 / Chapter 2.12 --- Summary --- p.43 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- SCREENING OF SOIL AMENDMENT MATERIALS FOR THE GROWTH OF SCHIMA SUPERB A / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methodology --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Experimental design --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Post-planting care --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Plant performance measurements --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3 --- Laboratory analysis --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Soils --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Amendment materials --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Foliar nutrient contents --- p.60 / Chapter 3.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5 --- Results and discussion --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Physical and chemical properties of decomposed granite --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Chemical properties of soil amendment materials --- p.64 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Plant growth performance --- p.68 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Effect of SAMs on growth performance of the seedlings --- p.78 / Chapter 3.6 --- Summary --- p.81 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- SOILS AND VEGETATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE RESTORED QUARRY SITES / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.85 / Chapter 4.2 --- Study area --- p.87 / Chapter 4.3 --- Methodology --- p.92 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Experimental design --- p.92 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Soil sampling --- p.93 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Vegetation survey --- p.94 / Chapter 4.4 --- Data processing and statistical analysis --- p.95 / Chapter 4.5 --- Results and discussion --- p.96 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Characteristics and properties of the restored soils --- p.96 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Vegetation survey --- p.110 / Chapter 4.6 --- Summary --- p.130 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- EFFECT OF ENGINEERING DESIGN AND RAINSTORM ON ECOLOGICAL REHABILITATION / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.133 / Chapter 5.2 --- Methodology --- p.135 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Experimental design --- p.135 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Assessment of plant growth and storm damage --- p.142 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Laboratory analysis --- p.143 / Chapter 5.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.143 / Chapter 5.4 --- Results and discussion --- p.143 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Physical and chemical properties of the growth substrate --- p.143 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Chemical properties of the soil amendment materials --- p.146 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- The weather and growth conditions in ARQ --- p.149 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- Damage caused by the rainstorm --- p.155 / Chapter 5.4.5 --- Survival rates of the seedlings --- p.161 / Chapter 5.4.6 --- Growth performance of seedlings 3 months after planting --- p.163 / Chapter 5.4.7 --- Lessons learnt from this experiment --- p.167 / Chapter 5.5 --- Summary --- p.174 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX --- GROWTH OF SCHIMA SUPERBA AND RHAPHIOLEPIS INDICA ON DECOMPOSED GRANITE (DG) AND DECOMPOSED VOLCANIC (DV) / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.177 / Chapter 6.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.179 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Experimental design --- p.179 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Plant performance measurements and data processing --- p.181 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Laboratory analysis --- p.182 / Chapter 6.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.182 / Chapter 6.4 --- Results and discussion --- p.183 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Properties of decomposed granite and decomposed volcanic --- p.183 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Properties of the soil amendment materials --- p.186 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- Survival rates of the seedlings --- p.188 / Chapter 6.4.4 --- Height growth of seedlings --- p.198 / Chapter 6.4.5 --- Stem basal diameter growth of seedlings --- p.201 / Chapter 6.4.6 --- Overall growth performance of seedlings --- p.203 / Chapter 6.5 --- Summary --- p.204 / Chapter CHAPTER SEVEN --- CONCLUSIONS / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.207 / Chapter 7.2 --- Summary of major findings --- p.207 / Chapter 7.3 --- Implications of the study --- p.216 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- Screening of soil amendment materials to promote early growth of seedlings in decomposed granite --- p.216 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- Successional development in the restored quarry sites under existing revegetation programme --- p.218 / Chapter 7.3.3 --- Constraints of quarry rehabilitation --- p.221 / Chapter 7.3.4 --- Potential use of native species in quarry rehabilitation --- p.225 / Chapter 7.4 --- Limitations of the study --- p.228 / Chapter 7.5 --- Suggestions for further study --- p.230 / REFERENCES --- p.233 / APPENDICES --- p.249

香港的山火主要是由於氣候及人類活動所引發，嚴重威脅著一些陸地上生物多樣性豐富的生境（如灌木林和林地）。在華南地區，有關火燒地的動物群落恢復生態學硏究的資料非常少，所以本硏究旨在調查山火後動物群落的復原，以及比較天然復原的林區及人工植林的生境恢復之差異。此外，枯枝落葉、物理因素及山火後的微生物對動物群落的影響亦會在此硏究中詳细分析。 / 在亞熱帶地區，地棲無脊椎動物群落的復原速度相對為慢，例如螞蟻群落需要12年的時間才能復原，但人工種植於火燒地能成功地加快其復原速度。 / 無脊椎動物群落與植被結構、山火之後的時間及生境發展都有一定的關係。山火發生兩年後火燒地的鳥類和無脊椎動物的數量、種或科的豐富度、單一性、多樣性及所有無脊椎動物的生物量都比參考樣地低，這意味著山火對動物群落有著長遠的影響。Pheidole spp. 及Tapinoma sp. 1 屬的螞蟻、隠翅甲科及小蠹科的甲蟲、管巢蛛科及狼蛛科的蜘蛛，牠們的數量，以及數量與生物量之比 (ABC plot) 都能用作反映火燒地的生態復原及演替進度的指標。 / 人工種植能夠使生態系統得到長遠的持續建立，對於動物群落的恢復非常重要。是次研究結果顯示人工種植能促進本地無脊椎動物的建群，其數量和群落亦會隨時間增加而增加。這很可能是由於山火後人工種植能為無脊椎動物創造較好的生存條件。其中，相對於原生樹種，外來樹種更有利於無脊椎動物的建群。在外來品種的人工種植區，微生物的數量較低，枯枝落葉的被分解速度較慢，加上生長速度快的外來品種能製造大量的枯枝落葉，這些都顯著增加了枯葉層的深度。較深的枯葉層為無脊椎動物提供了適宜的微生境，有利於其建群。 / 總的來說，在火燒地進行人工植樹能加快動物在火燒地的復原速度，這種方法是有效且成功的。人工種植時採用適當的品種能夠促進及預測早期的植被演替。根據此次硏究結果，我們建議在火燒地上種植生長快速的外來樹種，以加快無脊椎動物的建群。植被蓋度對動物的建群很重要，但植物和結構的多樣性及枯枝落葉層對無脊椎動物的建群更為重要。 / Hill fire in Hong Kong is mainly caused by a combination of weather and human activities. Fire is a major threat to terrestrial animal communities especially in shrublands and woodlands which have a rich faunal diversity. Since research done on hill fire ecology in southern China, especially on faunal colonization after fire, is very scarce, this research attempted to investigate the recovery of fauna after fire disturbance, and the difference in recovery between natural regeneration and artificial planting. Besides, the effects of litter and physical parameters on fauna community as well as the effect of fire on soil microbial community structure were studied. / The recolonization of ground-dwelling invertebrates was relatively slow in the study area, while proactive planting has been successful because they have considerably accelerated the return of fauna at the fire-affected sites. Ground-dwelling invertebrate communities appeared to be less resilient to fire in subtropical environment; the ant composition in the experimental plots needed 12 years to recover. / The composition of the ground-dwelling communities differed among study sites and was correlated with vegetation structure and time since last fire. They showed the trends in the development of invertebrate community composition in association with habitat development. Abundance, species/family richness, evenness, diversity of birds and ground-dwelling invertebrates, and biomass of total invertebrates were lower on the burned site than the reference site even 2 years after fire, implying that fire had longer-term impacts on the faunal communities. Ants such as Pheidole spp., Tapinoma sp. 1, beetles such as Staphylinidae, Scolytidae, and spiders such as Clubionidae, Lycosidae, as well as the abundance biomass comparison (ABC plot) can be chosen to reflect the situation or the recovery process and succession of the fire-affected sites. / The establishment of fauna in proactive planting is vital if ecosystem functions are to be reestablished and restorations to be sustained in the long term. In general the invertebrate data suggest that restoration plantings facilitated the reestablishment of indigenous invertebrate species and invertebrate community changed with time. Proactive plantings created better conditions for ground-dwelling invertebrates after fire, and exotic species with faster growth rate seem to be better than the natives. In exotic plantations, lower decomposition rate of litter provided by the lower microbial population together with higher productivity of exotic species of plants caused a higher litter depth, which provided more microhabitats for ground-dwelling and litter-dwelling invertebrates than the native plantations. / Correct species selection in proactive planting is essential to facilitate and determine the early stages of plant succession. The present study suggests that initial floristic composition is significant in proactive plantings and exotic species with fast growth rate is an effective planting species for invertebrate recolonization. Although plant cover is of importance to developing fauna, the provision of adequate floristic and structural diversity and the presence of logs and litter are important for the full range of native invertebrate recolonization. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Cheung, Kwok Leung. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 192-219). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese; some appendixes also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.vi / Table of contents --- p.vii / List of figures --- p.x / List of plates --- p.xvi / List of appendices --- p.xvii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Ecology of Fire --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Effects of Hill Fire on Soil --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Effects of Hill Fire on Microbial Communities --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Effects of Hill Fire on Vegetation --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5 --- Effects of Hill Fire on Fauna Communities --- p.14 / Chapter 1.6 --- The Use of Bioindicators on Restoration Ecology --- p.19 / Chapter 1.7 --- Hill Fire Situation and Research in Hong Kong --- p.23 / Chapter 1.8 --- Study Objectives --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Faunal Colonization after Fire Disturbance --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Study sites --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Measurements of soil physicochemical parameters --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Determination of vegetation parameters --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Monitoring of vertebrate communities --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Sampling, sorting and identification of invertebrates --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Data analysis --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Soil physicochemical characteristics --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Vegetation parameters --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Vertebrate communities --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Invertebrate communities --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.58 / Chapter 2.5 --- Conclusions --- p.66 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Effect of Different Planting Approaches on Invertebrates --- p.68 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Study sites --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Proactive planting --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Measurement of soil, vegetation, and faunal parameters, and data analysis --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.75 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Soil physicochemical parameters --- p.75 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Vegetation parameters --- p.77 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Invertebrate communities --- p.78 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.92 / Chapter 3.5 --- Conclusions --- p.98 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Long-term Changes of Invertebrate Community after Hill Fire by a Retrospective Approach --- p.100 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.100 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Study sites --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Measurement of soil physicochemical parameters --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Determination of vegetation parameters --- p.103 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Collection, sorting and identification of invertebrates --- p.104 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Data analysis --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.105 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Soil physicochemical characteristics --- p.105 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Vegetation parameters --- p.106 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Invertebrate communities --- p.110 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.123 / Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusions --- p.133 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Relationship of Microbial Community with Recolonization of Invertebrates --- p.135 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.135 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.139 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Study sites --- p.139 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Microbial biomass carbon (C[subscript mic]) and nitrogen (N[subscript mic]) --- p.139 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) extraction --- p.140 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Data analysis --- p.141 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.142 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Fumigation-extraction --- p.142 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Fatty acid methyl esters --- p.144 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Relationship of microbial communities with physicochemical, vegetation and invertebrate parameters --- p.145 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.152 / Chapter 5.5 --- Conclusions --- p.159 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Effects of Critical Factors on Invertebrate Communities --- p.160 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.160 / Chapter 6.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.162 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Experimental sites --- p.162 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Critical factors selection and simulation --- p.163 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Measurement of microclimatic characteristics --- p.165 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Collection, sorting and identification of invertebrates --- p.166 / Chapter 6.2.5 --- Data analysis --- p.166 / Chapter 6.3 --- Results --- p.167 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Microclimatic characteristics --- p.167 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Invertebrate communities --- p.168 / Chapter 6.4 --- Discussion --- p.173 / Chapter 6.5 --- Conclusions --- p.178 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- General Conclusions --- p.180 / Chapter 7.1 --- Overall Discussion --- p.180 / Chapter 7.2 --- Limitation of the Present Study and Future Research --- p.184 / Chapter 7.3 --- Contributions to Our Knowledge --- p.188 / Reference --- p.192 / Appendices --- p.220

Wong Cheuk Yuet. / Thesis submitted in: July 2003. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 223-233). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.iv / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.ix / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xii / LIST OF PLATES --- p.xiv / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xv / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- About the thesis --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Background of Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Geography --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Climate --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Vegetation and their distribution --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Floristic composition --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Urban development and forestry history --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3 --- Restoration of degraded lands --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Importance of restoration --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Sites for restoration --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Substratum for restoration in Hong Kong --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Revegetation --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4 --- Species for plantation --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Exotics vs. natives --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Fields of controversy --- p.23 / Chapter 1.5 --- Project objectives and significances --- p.26 / Chapter 1.6 --- Study sites --- p.27 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Criteria for site selection --- p.27 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Shek O Quarry and Lam Tei Quarry --- p.27 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Rehabilitation of the quarries --- p.31 / Chapter 1.6.4 --- Site specificity and representativeness --- p.33 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- Characterization of CDG on Site --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Soil sampling --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Soil analysis --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4 --- Results and discussion --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Characterization and comparison of soil stock between two sites --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Comparison between raw soil and grassed soil --- p.46 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Comparison among phases --- p.49 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Comparison with other studies --- p.56 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Soil development in two quarries --- p.58 / Chapter 2.5 --- Conclusions --- p.59 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- Natives Performance in Revegetation on CDG - I. Common PlantationSpecies --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.66 / Chapter 3.4 --- Results and discussion --- p.68 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Height and basal diameter at the beginning of study --- p.68 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Relative growth rates of different ages --- p.72 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Comparison between sites --- p.84 / Chapter 3.5 --- Conclusions --- p.89 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- Natives Performance in Revegetation on CDG ´ؤ II. the Neglected Species --- p.91 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.91 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Seed dispersal and rehabilitation --- p.91 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Conservation and rehabilitation --- p.92 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Framework species --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Species selection --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Planting area --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Planting scheme --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Planting protocol --- p.100 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Field measurements --- p.102 / Chapter 4.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.106 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results and discussion --- p.107 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- General performance of the planted species --- p.107 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- General inter-specific comparison --- p.116 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Effect of aspect on seedling performance --- p.120 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Effect of elevation on seedling performance --- p.140 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Overall species evaluation --- p.147 / Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusions --- p.151 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- Further Exploration of Other Potential Pioneer Natives --- p.153 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.153 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.155 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.156 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Inter-site comparison --- p.161 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Inter-phase comparison --- p.163 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Ranking of species --- p.171 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Invaders for exploration --- p.171 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusions --- p.177 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- Performance of Five Natives under Different N:P Combinations --- p.180 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.180 / Chapter 6.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.181 / Chapter 6.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.185 / Chapter 6.4 --- Results and discussion --- p.186 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Height --- p.186 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Basal diameter --- p.193 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- Leaf number --- p.200 / Chapter 6.4.4 --- Total dry weight --- p.200 / Chapter 6.4.5 --- Aerial and underground dry weight --- p.202 / Chapter 6.4.6 --- "Chlorophyll florescence, stomatal conductance and transpiration" --- p.207 / Chapter 6.4.7 --- General species performance in treatments --- p.214 / Chapter 6.4.8 --- Comparison with seedling performance in field trial --- p.215 / Chapter 6.5 --- Conclusions --- p.216 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- General Conclusions --- p.217 / REFERENCES --- p.223 / APPENDIX I --- p.234 / APPENDIX II --- p.235 / APPENDIX III --- p.237 / APPENDIX IV --- p.238 / APPENDIX V --- p.241 / APPENDIX VI --- p.242

Ecological changes in soil covers were studied in terms of physical, chemical and biological properties in the three quarries. Results show that all soils were classified as sand loam in texture, and high bulk density and low total porosity were common problems. Soils were strongly acidic to moderately acidic in reaction. Organic C, total N, extractable NO3 - and extractable cations increased with increasing rehabilitation age, but others did not show similar trends. The results of mineral N flux in soil show that ammonification predominated over nitrification in TH and LT, while nitrification predominated in SO in wet season. In dry season, ammonification predominated over nitrification in all phases, except TH. Net N mineralization increased with age. The results of soil microbial study show that older sites had the highest total microbial abundance and biomass C and N, while those in younger sites were low. Metabolic abilities of soil microbes developed gradually with ages in SO, but TH and LT had the similar patterns of carbon source utilization. The group of G- bacteria dominated in all sites, in which cy19:0 represented more than 15% of the total extracted FAMEs. The group of fungi and AM fungi decreased with increasing ages in the three quarries. / Lacks of seed rain and seed bank were major factors limiting vegetation regeneration. Physical and chemical problems of cover soils are still severe even after 10 years of rehabilitation. Therefore, adding native species with fleshy fruits to attract birds, and leguminous species to assist in the buildup of nitrogen capital should be recommended. Application of organic composts should be considered by quarry contractors and managers during early rehabilitation period to improve soil structure and raise nutrient storage capacities. / To evaluate the ecological succession in the floristic composition and structure of closed quarries, studies of the current vegetation development and seed dynamics were carried out in the three quarries, namely Turret Hill Quarry (TH), Lam Tei Quarry (LT) and Shek O Quarry (SO). The floristic composition shows that the species richness and Shannon index were higher on older phases than other younger phases in the overstorey and understorey vegetation. Although planted exotic species dominated the overstorey at different phases, some native species became more dominant in the understorey, and the importance value of native species accounted for more than 50%. Seed rain results show that older sites had higher seed number and seed species than younger sites. In terms of number of seeds, half were dispersed by birds, while 23% and 27% were dispersed by wind and civets, respectively. Seed germination experiment shows that most species from all twelve woody species had higher germination in SO, though most emerging seedlings finally died under the field condition. In the soil seed bank study, high seed species and density were recorded on older sites. Non-woody species predominated on all phases of the three quarries, but some pioneer tree and shrub species were better represented on older sites. / Zhang, Hao. / Adviser: L.M. Chu. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-02, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 238-280). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

by Tsang Po-yan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 173-191). / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / List of Tables --- p.iv / List of Figures --- p.v / List of Plates --- p.vi / List of Appendices --- p.vii / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION / Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Conceptual framework --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4 --- Significance and scope of study --- p.17 / Chapter 1.5 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.18 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- STUDY AREA / Chapter 2.1 --- Location --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2 --- Climate --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3 --- Geology --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4 --- Soils --- p.26 / Chapter 2.5 --- Vegetation --- p.27 / Chapter 2.6 --- Restoration and floristic composition of the rehabilitated communities --- p.29 / Chapter 2.7 --- Post-planting maintenance of the rehabilitated communities --- p.31 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- RESTORATION OF SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methodology --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Sampling --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Soil reaction --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Organic carbon --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Mineral nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate nitrogen) --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Total phosphorus --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Available phosphorus --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Exchangeable cations --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.9 --- Exchangeable A1 and H --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.10 --- Carbon : nitrogen ratio --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.40 / Chapter 3.4 --- Results --- p.41 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Chemical properties of the newly excavated soil --- p.41 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Effect of rehabilitated communities on soil chemical properties --- p.42 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Soil reaction and exchangeable acidity --- p.42 / Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Organic matter and C:N ratio --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4.2.3 --- Total Kjeldahl N and mineral N --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4.2.4 --- Total and available phosphorus --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4.2.5 --- Nutrient cations --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Intra-layer differences of soil properties --- p.44 / Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion --- p.46 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Properties of granitic soils awaiting restoration --- p.46 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Effect of rehabilitated communities on soil acidity --- p.49 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- "Effect of rehabilitated communities on SOM, N and P" --- p.51 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Changes in cation nutrients after rehabilitation --- p.57 / Chapter 3.5.5 --- Comparison of ecosystem rehabilitation with other studies --- p.60 / Chapter 3.6 --- Conclusion --- p.66 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- NITROGEN MINERALIZATION / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2 --- Methodology --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- In situ incubation --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- "Determination of N mineralization, uptake and leaching" --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.76 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results --- p.76 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Temporal variations of NH4-N and N03-N in the rehabilitated sites --- p.76 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- "Net ammonification, nitrification and N mineralization in the rehabilitated sites" --- p.78 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Uptake of mineral N in the rehabilitated sites --- p.80 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Leaching loss of mineral N in the rehabilitated sites --- p.82 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion --- p.84 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Nitrogen mineralization in the rehabilitated sites --- p.84 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Uptake of mineral nitrogen in the newly rehabilitated sites --- p.92 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Leaching loss of and mechanisms to conserve mineral nitrogen in newly rehabilitated sites --- p.96 / Chapter 4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.98 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- SOIL RESPIRATION IN NEWLY REHABILITATED BORROW AREA / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.100 / Chapter 5.2 --- Methodology --- p.105 / Chapter 5.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.107 / Chapter 5.4 --- Results --- p.107 / Chapter 5.5 --- Discussion --- p.109 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Inherent microbial activities of the newly excavated soil --- p.109 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Effects of young plantations on soil respiration --- p.110 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Comparison of soil respiration between the rehabilitated sites and secondary Pinus massoniana woodland --- p.114 / Chapter 5.6 --- Conclusion --- p.116 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND FOLIAR COMPOSITION OF REHABILITATED VEGETATION / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.118 / Chapter 6.2 --- Methodology --- p.122 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Growth performance measurements --- p.122 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Chemical analysis --- p.123 / Chapter 6.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.124 / Chapter 6.4 --- Results --- p.124 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Growth measurements --- p.124 / Chapter 6.4.1.1 --- Height --- p.124 / Chapter 6.4.1.2 --- Stem basal diameter (SBD) --- p.127 / Chapter 6.4.1.3 --- Crown coverage --- p.130 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Foliar nutrient composition of rehabilitated vegetation --- p.133 / Chapter 6.4.2.1 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen --- p.133 / Chapter 6.4.2.2 --- Total phosphorus --- p.134 / Chapter 6.4.2.3 --- Potassium --- p.136 / Chapter 6.4.2.4 --- Sodium --- p.137 / Chapter 6.4.2.5 --- Calcium --- p.138 / Chapter 6.4.2.6 --- Magnesium --- p.140 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- Element abundance among the rehabilitated species --- p.142 / Chapter 6.5 --- Discussion --- p.142 / Chapter 6.5.1 --- Species growth in the rehabilitated sites --- p.142 / Chapter 6.5.2 --- Role of nitrogen fixers in rehabilitating the borrow area --- p.144 / Chapter 6.5.3 --- Species selection in ecosystem restoration --- p.150 / Chapter 6.6 --- Conclusion --- p.154 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- CONCLUSION / Chapter 7.1 --- Summary of findings --- p.156 / Chapter 7.2 --- Implications of the study --- p.161 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Ecosystem restoration strategy in Hong Kong --- p.161 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Can native species establish on degraded land? --- p.164 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Are the present findings transferable to other areas? --- p.167 / Chapter 7.3 --- Limitations of the study --- p.169 / Chapter 7.4 --- Suggestion for future studies --- p.171 / REFERENCES --- p.173 / APPENDICES --- p.192

Yuen Siu-man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-180). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.vi / Table of Contents --- p.ix / List of Tablcs --- p.xvi / List of Figures --- p.xix / List of Plates --- p.xx / List of Appendices --- p.xxi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- lntroduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- The Problem --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Towngas pipeline --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Environmental impact assessment (EIA) --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Landscape restoration --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3 --- Conceptual Framework --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Ecosystem disturbance and soil impacts of pipeline construction --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Scope and baseline --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Mitigation and restoration guidelines --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives of the Study --- p.18 / Chapter 1.5 --- Significance of the Study --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6 --- Scope of the Study --- p.22 / Chapter 1.7 --- Terminology in the Thesis --- p.23 / Chapter 1.8 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review / Chapter 2.1 --- Ecosystem Disturbance and Impacts of Pipeline Construction --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2 --- Soil as an Important Natural Resource --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3 --- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Theory and practice of EIA --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- EIA in Hong Kong --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Soil assessment in EIA --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Ecological impact assessment in EIA --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Mitigation --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Significance of impacts --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Weaknesses of EIA --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.8 --- "Post-project analysis, monitoring and audits" --- p.41 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Study Area and Methodology / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2 --- Climate --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3 --- Geology and Soils --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4 --- Study Plots --- p.48 / Chapter 3.5 --- Methodology --- p.56 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Experimental design --- p.56 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Fieldwork --- p.57 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Laboratory analysis --- p.58 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Date processing and statistical analysis --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.5 --- EIA report review --- p.62 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Soil Baseline / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2 --- Results --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Texture --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Bulk density --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Soil acidity --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Exchangeable acidity and aluminum --- p.66 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Soil organic matter (SOM) --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Total and mineral nitrogen --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Total and available phosphorus --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Exchangeable cations --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.9 --- "Effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC), base saturation (BS) and aluminum saturation" --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.10 --- C/N ratio --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3 --- Discussion --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Acidity problem --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Soil texture and bulk density --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Soil organic matter and nitrogen --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Soil phosphorus --- p.78 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- "Exchangeable cations, ECEC. BS and aluminum saturation" --- p.78 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Implications on landscape restoration --- p.80 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion --- p.82 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Impacts of Pipeline Construction on Soils / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.84 / Chapter 5.2 --- Results --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- "Soil acidity, exchangeable hydrogen and aluminum" --- p.86 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Soil texture and bulk density --- p.88 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Soil organic matter --- p.90 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Soil TKN --- p.90 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Phosphorus --- p.91 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Soil exchangeable cations --- p.94 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- "ECEC, BS and aluminum saturation" --- p.96 / Chapter 5.3 --- Discussion --- p.99 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Nature of the soil impacts --- p.99 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Causes of soil impact --- p.101 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Spatial difference of soil impacts --- p.108 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Significance of the impacts --- p.111 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Mitigation measures --- p.117 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.120 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Improvement of EIA on Soil Management / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.122 / Chapter 6.2 --- Evaluation of Information Provided by the EIA --- p.124 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Need of more detailed soil baseline --- p.124 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Inadequate soil impact prediction --- p.126 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Need of site-specific soil mitigation --- p.128 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Soil management in EIA --- p.130 / Chapter 6.3 --- Soil Impact Assessment (SIA) --- p.136 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Soil baseline --- p.138 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Impact prediction and significance --- p.140 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Mitigation in SIA --- p.142 / Chapter 6.3.4 --- Monitoring in SIA --- p.143 / Chapter 6.3.5 --- Post-project evaluation in SIA --- p.144 / Chapter 6.3.6 --- Application of SIA --- p.145 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.146 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion / Chapter 7.1 --- Summary of Findings --- p.147 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- Undisturbed soil conditions --- p.147 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- Soil impacts and resultant soil properties --- p.149 / Chapter 7.1.3 --- Evaluation of the EIA Report --- p.151 / Chapter 7.2 --- Implications --- p.152 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Challenge to Aber's disturbance level theory --- p.152 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Consolidation of impacts assessment in EIA --- p.153 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Information for soil impact assessment --- p.154 / Chapter 7.3 --- Limitations of study --- p.154 / Chapter 7.4 --- Further Research --- p.156 / References --- p.158 / Appendices --- p.181

Leung Hoi-gok. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 188-205). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / 槪論 --- p.iv / Acknowledgements --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.viii / List of Plates --- p.ix / List of Appendices --- p.x / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- The Problems --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Conceptual Framework --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Significance of the Study --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5 --- Scope of Study --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.19 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- STUDY AREA / Chapter 2.1 --- Physical Setting of Hong Kong --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- "Towngas Pipeline Project, the Land Section" --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3 --- Study Plots --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4 --- Observation on the Site --- p.39 / Chapter 2.5 --- Post-planting Care --- p.40 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- SOIL PROPERTIES AND IMPACTS BY PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methodology --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Sampling --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Bulk density --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Soil texture --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Soil reaction --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Organic carbon --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Total Kjedahl nitrogen (TKN) --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Available phosphate --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- "Exchangeable K, Ca and Mg" --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4 --- Results --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Soil texture --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Bulk density --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Soil pH --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Soil organic matter --- p.55 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen --- p.55 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- Available phosphorus --- p.59 / Chapter 3.4.7 --- "Exchangeable potassium, calcium and magnesium ions" --- p.59 / Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion --- p.64 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Nutrient content of shoulder and proper soils --- p.64 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Causes for the change of soil properties --- p.72 / Chapter 3.5.2.1 --- Construction of the pipeline --- p.72 / Chapter 3.5.2.2 --- Influence of localized factors --- p.74 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Recommendations on soil management --- p.75 / Chapter 3.6 --- Conclusion --- p.77 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- SPECIES SELECTION IN RESTORATION PLANTING / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2 --- Methodology --- p.83 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Vegetation sampling --- p.83 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.85 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Species composition of the undisturbed habitats --- p.85 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Species composition of the restored vegetation --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.95 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Inadequate baseline and impact prediction in project EIA --- p.95 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Restoration strategy --- p.98 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Species selection in restoration planting --- p.101 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Compatibility of species in restoration planting --- p.105 / Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusion --- p.110 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF VEGETATION AND NATURAL INVASION IN THE SITES / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.112 / Chapter 5.2 --- Methodology --- p.117 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.119 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Growth performance of shrubs and trees --- p.119 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Ground cover --- p.131 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Species invading the pipeline corridor --- p.132 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.133 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Growth performance of the restored saplings --- p.133 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Site constraints --- p.135 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Natural invasion on the pipeline corridor --- p.140 / Chapter 5.5 --- Conclusion --- p.141 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- RESTORATION TECHNIQUES AND MANAGEMENT / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.144 / Chapter 6.2 --- Overview of the Project EIA --- p.146 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Guidelines for site preparation --- p.146 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Planting techniques of the restored vegetation --- p.148 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Maintenance and aftercare --- p.149 / Chapter 6.3 --- Evaluation on Restoration Techniques and Aftercare --- p.149 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Site preparation --- p.149 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Restoration techniques of the vegetation --- p.151 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.153 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- IMPROVEMENT ON ECOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.154 / Chapter 7.2 --- Integrative Discussion --- p.156 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Scoping and focusing procedures --- p.156 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Impact assessment --- p.160 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Impact mitigation --- p.161 / Chapter 7.2.4 --- Monitoring and auditing --- p.165 / Chapter 7.2.5 --- Guidelines of restoration in the technical memorandum of EIAO --- p.167 / Chapter 7.3 --- Conclusion --- p.169 / Chapter CHAPTER 8 --- CONCLUSION / Chapter 8.1 --- Summary of Findings --- p.171 / Chapter 8.2 --- Implications of the Study --- p.179 / Chapter 8.2.1 --- Criteria for the selection of species in restoration --- p.179 / Chapter 8.2.2 --- Silvicultural knowledge of native species --- p.180 / Chapter 8.2.3 --- Soil impact assessment for project involving soil alternation --- p.182 / Chapter 8.2.4 --- Improvement on environmental monitoring and auditing --- p.182 / Chapter 8.3 --- Limitation of the Study --- p.183 / Chapter 8.4 --- Suggestion for Further Studies --- p.185 / REFERENCES --- p.188 / APPENDICES --- p.206