Σε αυτό το πρώτο κεφάλαιο αναλύονται βασικές αρχές της κρυπτογραφίας ιδιωτικού και δημοσίου κλειδιού. Επίσης γίνεται μελέτη επιπλέον τεχνικών όπως συναρτήσεις κατακερματισμού και γεννήτριες ψευδοτυχαίων αριθμών. Τέλος τα χαρακτηριστικά των πιο διαδεδομένων κατηγοριών πρωτοκόλλων πιστοποίησης που χρησιμοποιούνται στη κρυπτογραφία. Στο Κεφάλαιο 2 γίνεται μια παρουσίαση της τεχνολογίας RFID. Αρχικά αναλύεται κάθε κομμάτι του συστήματος και ποιά είναι η λειτουργία του καθενός. Στη συνέχεια παρουσιάζονται οι αρχές λειτουργίας των συσκευών που αποτελούν το σύστημα. Τέλος γίνεται μια ιστορική αναδρομή των RFID συστημάτων και αναφέρονται μερικά από τα πρότυπα που έχουν κυριαρχήσει σήμερα. Στο Κεφάλαιο 3 αναλύονται οι κίνδυνοι που έρχεται αντιμέτωπο ένα RFID σύστημα και γίνεται μια παρουσίαση των επιθέσεων που μπορούν να προσβάλλουν ένα τέτοιο σύστημα. Στο Κεφάλαιο 4 συζητάμε τις κατευθυντήριες γραμμές που πρέπει να ακολουθήσουμε για την προστασία των RFID συστημάτων και τους ελέγχους που πρέπει να γίνουν σε αυτά. Επίσης αναλύουμε τις διάφορες τεχνικές που χρησιμοποιούνται για την ασφαλή επικοινωνία, καθώς και συγκεκριμένα παραδείγματα χαρακτηριστικά για κάθε κατηγορία. Στο Κεφάλαιο 5 γίνεται ανάλυση κάποιων συγκεκριμένων πρωτοκόλλων που πιστεύω υπογραμμίζουν το συμπέρασμα που καταλήγω με τη μελέτη που έκανα. Δηλαδή ότι τα RFID συστήματα πρέπει ακόμα και για το παράγοντα της ασφάλειας να σχεδιάζονται κατάλληλα έτσι ώστε να προβλέπουν την εξέλιξη του συστήματος και ότι ο πρέπει να γίνει ο συνδυασμός τεχνικών για την αποδοτικότερη υλοποίηση μέτρων ασφαλείας στα RFID. Το Κεφάλαιο 6 είναι ο επίλογος όπου επισημαίνουμε τα συμπεράσματα που βγαίνουν από την εργασία αυτή. / In the first chapter we analyze some basic cryptographic primitives drawn from private and public key cryptography. We also study the functionality of hash functions and Pseudorandom Number Generators. Also some Message Authentication Codes and the importance of digital signatures. In Chapter 2 we present briefly the RFID technology. Firstly we analyze each component of the system and the function that it has. We continue mentioning the working principles of those components. Finally the Chronology of the RFID technology is presented, along with some basic standards for the technology. In Chapter 3 we discuss all the dangers that a RFID system faces and also a list of the most popular attacks against those systems. In Chapter 4 at first some basics directions that someone must follow in order to design a secure RFID system are given. Some basic controls that we have in our disposal in order to defend our systems as well as some more advanced topics. Specific examples of those techniques are anlyzed and it is checked in what level they qualify for implementation on RFID systems/ In Chapter 5 we chose some implementations with specific properties that highlight in my opinion some important matters that need to be considered in RFID security. Chapter 6 is the epilogue which highlights the results of this dissertation.

MobileReader är en mobil RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) applikation. Syftet med denna applikation är att skapa en RFID-läsare som skall gå att bära med sig ute på fältet. I första hand kommer läsaren att kunna läsa passiva RFID-taggar på Lågfrekvens-bandet (LF) samt att vara anpassad för nyare mobiltelefoner av tillverkaren Sony Ericsson. Detta examensarbete resulterade i ett program avsett för en Atmel ATmega16 mikroprocessor. Mikroprocessorn tar emot data från en befintlig LF-läsare via ett protokoll vid namn Wiegand 44. Den inlästa datan paketeras in i ett PDU-paket, Protocol Data Unit, vilket är det protokoll som mobiltelefoner använder för att skicka SMS mellan MS, Mobile System, och BS, Base System. / MobileReader is a mobile RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) application. The purpose of this application is to create a reader, that can be carried out in the field. This project will concentrate on reading passive RFID-tags on the Lowfrequency band (LF) and will be customized for a newer mobile phone manufactured by Sony Ericsson. This has resulted in a program written for the Atmel ATmega16 microcontroller. The microcontroller receives data from an already existing LF-reader using the Wiegand 44 protocol. The data will be converted into a PDU-packet, Protocol Data Unit, which is the protocol used by mobile phones to send SMS between MS, Mobile System, and BS, Base System.

Active Radio Frequency Identification (Active RFID) is a wireless automated technology used to identify, track, process and share information about an object or from the environment. As microcontrollers and radio frequency transponders are smaller in size, more power efficient, and less expensive, this technology is growing and starting to expand significantly through all the industries. The main purpose of with this project was to reduce the ower consumption of the active tags. This master thesis presents a functional TDMA based protocol which was designed and developed for a specific tracking system application.

En undersökning i hur RFID kan användas som biljettsystem på en festival. Analysen bygger på konventsfestivalen NärCon och presenterar vilka fördelar och nackdelar ett nytt system kan tillföra. Resultatet visar att RFID kan skapa flera fördelar och synergieffekter för festivalarrangören.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has been widely adopted by different industries for various purposes. While implementing a RFID system for personnel tracking in an industrial environment, such as a hospital, the tracking accuracy is not always satisfactory due to incorrect placement of RFID hardware, coarse system configuration or environment. This thesis proposes comprehensive optimization methods for improving the tracking accuracy of a RFID system for personnel tracking. The improvement is achieved from four perspectives including RFID data cleaning, experimental design, data fusion and simulation modeling. This research is based on a case study carried out in a local community hospital where a RFID system for personnel tracking has been implemented. Through applying the optimization methods, the tracking accuracy of the RFID system has been improved to 87.33%. The thesis provides a guideline for the hospital and other similar application environment to implement improvement methods on a RFID tracking system.

This thesis addresses concepts of implementing a RSA cryptosystem on a passive RFID tag. With a limited number of public key cryptosystems on passive RFID platforms, the proposed algorithm makes use of Montgomery multiplication primitives to reduce the amount of computation required on the power constrained tag therefore making the proposition viable. Public key cryptography is being suggested for next generation RFID systems to reduce the number of possible attack vectors native to this type of technology. By estimating the area, power and time constraints of the RFID platform, it was determined that the area constraint was the critical variable in determining the maximum implementable security variable. Although the application of this algorithm has been targeted for passive HF RFID platforms, the algorithm could be used in other low power, sized constrained applications.

Title page, abstract and table of contents only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University of Adelaide Library. / In this thesis, I present and analyze two of the most fundamental constraints of Radio Frequency Identification Systems (RFID), power rectification and signaling. These two issues play an important role in the continuing development of RFID systems. A passive RFID tag draws power from the RF field created by an RFID reader and uses it to energize its circuitry. It does this by rectification of the reader's radiated RF field using rectifying circuitry. The power then available to the tag is dependent upon both the available field strength and the efficiency of the rectification process. One option for increasing the operating range of an RFID system without increasing the reader's field strength is to increase the efficiency of the tag's rectification structure. A major component of any rectification circuit is a diode type device and so, the first part of the thesis focuses on the design and implementation of a novel high efficiency Schottky Barrier Diode (SBD) on a standard CMOS process. The forward voltage drop of the SBD diode was investigated and analytic equations formulated considering the Schottky barrier drift region resistance and the contributions from the p⁺ guard-grid. A design procedure to minimize the drift region resistance for any blocking voltage was derived. The fundamental trade-off between the forward voltage and leakage current in the novel SBD concept was determined. Based on the critical review of the Schottky diodes fabricated in the first part, new structures of novel SBD were designed to address most of the open issues related to its reverse break-down voltage and series resistance. Detailed analysis of the important design parameters of the novel Schottky barrier diode were performed using HSPICE with the parameter set used in the calibration process. The novel structure was also compared to an alternative fabrication approach, specifically, a NMOS and PMOS gate-cross-connected bridge. The comparison shows that the novel structure provides a 10% higher figure of merit for power rectification. In the later part of the thesis, an analysis of circuit advantages enabled by the novel SBD is given. The circuit simulation showed that by utilizing the novel SBD the operating frequency of the circuit can be increased to the UHF region while maintaining approximately the same power efficiency as that achievable when using a discrete Schottky diode. This leads to the possibility of dramatic improvements in size, weight and cost of the RFID transponder circuits. Signaling also plays an important role in the development of RFID systems. The choice of signaling methods and protocols determines not only the spectrum bandwidth usage, but also the data throughput. Also with constantly changing standards and regulations, it is important to be able to characterize and optimize these issues. Therefore the second part of this dissertation presents the design, implementation and evaluation of a novel RFID data logging reader architecture based on software radio concepts. The system is designed to overcome the many challenges and exploit the advantages of performing real-time signal processing and data logging in an RFID environment. The proposed concept has a unique multi-band RFID tag reader platform and has been designed to read tags conforming to the Electronic Product Code (EPC ) specifications in both the HF and UHF frequency bands. The hardware architecture consists of a general purpose analogue front end up/down-converter for each band, followed by a software radio based architecture allowing easy adaptation to new frequencies and protocols if required. The last chapter presents the results of investigations conducted to determine the ability of the proposed reader architecture to communicate with tags in typical channel noise and environmental conditions present in an RFID operational environment. Studies of the effects of reader interference in multi-reader environments and the development of an anti-collision protocol signaling to address and mitigate those effects are also presented. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1222149 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2006

Title page, abstract and table of contents only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University of Adelaide Library. / In this thesis, I present and analyze two of the most fundamental constraints of Radio Frequency Identification Systems (RFID), power rectification and signaling. These two issues play an important role in the continuing development of RFID systems. A passive RFID tag draws power from the RF field created by an RFID reader and uses it to energize its circuitry. It does this by rectification of the reader's radiated RF field using rectifying circuitry. The power then available to the tag is dependent upon both the available field strength and the efficiency of the rectification process. One option for increasing the operating range of an RFID system without increasing the reader's field strength is to increase the efficiency of the tag's rectification structure. A major component of any rectification circuit is a diode type device and so, the first part of the thesis focuses on the design and implementation of a novel high efficiency Schottky Barrier Diode (SBD) on a standard CMOS process. The forward voltage drop of the SBD diode was investigated and analytic equations formulated considering the Schottky barrier drift region resistance and the contributions from the p⁺ guard-grid. A design procedure to minimize the drift region resistance for any blocking voltage was derived. The fundamental trade-off between the forward voltage and leakage current in the novel SBD concept was determined. Based on the critical review of the Schottky diodes fabricated in the first part, new structures of novel SBD were designed to address most of the open issues related to its reverse break-down voltage and series resistance. Detailed analysis of the important design parameters of the novel Schottky barrier diode were performed using HSPICE with the parameter set used in the calibration process. The novel structure was also compared to an alternative fabrication approach, specifically, a NMOS and PMOS gate-cross-connected bridge. The comparison shows that the novel structure provides a 10% higher figure of merit for power rectification. In the later part of the thesis, an analysis of circuit advantages enabled by the novel SBD is given. The circuit simulation showed that by utilizing the novel SBD the operating frequency of the circuit can be increased to the UHF region while maintaining approximately the same power efficiency as that achievable when using a discrete Schottky diode. This leads to the possibility of dramatic improvements in size, weight and cost of the RFID transponder circuits. Signaling also plays an important role in the development of RFID systems. The choice of signaling methods and protocols determines not only the spectrum bandwidth usage, but also the data throughput. Also with constantly changing standards and regulations, it is important to be able to characterize and optimize these issues. Therefore the second part of this dissertation presents the design, implementation and evaluation of a novel RFID data logging reader architecture based on software radio concepts. The system is designed to overcome the many challenges and exploit the advantages of performing real-time signal processing and data logging in an RFID environment. The proposed concept has a unique multi-band RFID tag reader platform and has been designed to read tags conforming to the Electronic Product Code (EPC ) specifications in both the HF and UHF frequency bands. The hardware architecture consists of a general purpose analogue front end up/down-converter for each band, followed by a software radio based architecture allowing easy adaptation to new frequencies and protocols if required. The last chapter presents the results of investigations conducted to determine the ability of the proposed reader architecture to communicate with tags in typical channel noise and environmental conditions present in an RFID operational environment. Studies of the effects of reader interference in multi-reader environments and the development of an anti-collision protocol signaling to address and mitigate those effects are also presented. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1222149 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2006

Zugl.: Eichstätt, Ingolstadt, Univ., Diss., 2007

Zugl.: Hagen, Fernuniv., Diplomarbeit, 2005 / Text dt.