Cell polarity is required for asymmetric division, a mechanism to generate cell diversity by distributing fate determinants unequally to daughter cells. The establishment of polarity requires the evolutionarily conserved partitioning-defective (PAR) proteins as well as the actin cytoskeleton. In Caenorhabditis elegans one-cell embryos, the PAR proteins are segregated into an anterior (PAR-3, PAR-6) and a posterior (PAR-1, PAR-2) corticaldomain. The formation of PAR polarity correlates with anterior-posterior differences in the contractile activity of the cortex, known as "contractile polarity". It is thought that regulation of contractile polarity controls the establishment of PAR polarity, but detailed evidence to support this idea is lacking. To investigate how modulation of the actomyosin cytoskeleton affects polarity establishment, the acto-myosin cytoskeleton was perturbed by RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) of two Rho GTPases, CDC-42 and RHO-1. To examine how Rho GTPases are implemented in actin remodeling, it is important to analyze how their activity is controlled and how different activities affect polarity formation. The role of two putative Rho GTPase regulators, the Rho GTPase exchange factor (GEF) ECT-2 and the Rho GTPase activating protein (GAP) K09H11.3 were analyzed with respect to polarity formation. The formation of polarity was analyzed by using GFP-labeled proteins, and several different tracking methods were used to investigate the establishment of contractile and PAR polarity in more detail.This study demonstrates that both RHO-1 and CDC-42 are involved in polarity establishment in C. elegans embryos. But importantly, both act by different mechanisms. RHO-1 organizes the acto-myosin cytoskeleton into a contractile network, and therefore is essential for the formation of contractile polarity. The organization of the acto-myosin cytoskeleton is critical to ensure proper PAR protein distribution. Furthermore, a balance of RHO-1 activity by the GEF ECT-2 and the GAP K09H11.3 appears to be important for cortical contractility, for PAR protein domain size and for mutual exclusion of the PAR proteins. Although CDC-42 was shown to be a universal regulator of the actin cytoskeleton, CDC-42 acts downstream of contractile polarity. CDC-42 is required for linking PAR-6 to the cortex. In the absence of RHO-1 and ECT-2, PAR-6 and CDC-42 are not localized to the anterior cortex. This suggests that RHO-1, by organizing the actomyosin cytoskeleton into a contractile network, regulates the segregation of CDC-42 to the anterior cortex, and concomitantly PAR-6 localization. This study shows that the distribution of PAR is related to cortical activity and supports the model that the actin cytoskeleton plays an important role in polarity establishment.

Cell polarity is required for asymmetric division, a mechanism to generate cell diversity by distributing fate determinants unequally to daughter cells. The establishment of polarity requires the evolutionarily conserved partitioning-defective (PAR) proteins as well as the actin cytoskeleton. In Caenorhabditis elegans one-cell embryos, the PAR proteins are segregated into an anterior (PAR-3, PAR-6) and a posterior (PAR-1, PAR-2) corticaldomain. The formation of PAR polarity correlates with anterior-posterior differences in the contractile activity of the cortex, known as "contractile polarity". It is thought that regulation of contractile polarity controls the establishment of PAR polarity, but detailed evidence to support this idea is lacking. To investigate how modulation of the actomyosin cytoskeleton affects polarity establishment, the acto-myosin cytoskeleton was perturbed by RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) of two Rho GTPases, CDC-42 and RHO-1. To examine how Rho GTPases are implemented in actin remodeling, it is important to analyze how their activity is controlled and how different activities affect polarity formation. The role of two putative Rho GTPase regulators, the Rho GTPase exchange factor (GEF) ECT-2 and the Rho GTPase activating protein (GAP) K09H11.3 were analyzed with respect to polarity formation. The formation of polarity was analyzed by using GFP-labeled proteins, and several different tracking methods were used to investigate the establishment of contractile and PAR polarity in more detail.This study demonstrates that both RHO-1 and CDC-42 are involved in polarity establishment in C. elegans embryos. But importantly, both act by different mechanisms. RHO-1 organizes the acto-myosin cytoskeleton into a contractile network, and therefore is essential for the formation of contractile polarity. The organization of the acto-myosin cytoskeleton is critical to ensure proper PAR protein distribution. Furthermore, a balance of RHO-1 activity by the GEF ECT-2 and the GAP K09H11.3 appears to be important for cortical contractility, for PAR protein domain size and for mutual exclusion of the PAR proteins. Although CDC-42 was shown to be a universal regulator of the actin cytoskeleton, CDC-42 acts downstream of contractile polarity. CDC-42 is required for linking PAR-6 to the cortex. In the absence of RHO-1 and ECT-2, PAR-6 and CDC-42 are not localized to the anterior cortex. This suggests that RHO-1, by organizing the actomyosin cytoskeleton into a contractile network, regulates the segregation of CDC-42 to the anterior cortex, and concomitantly PAR-6 localization. This study shows that the distribution of PAR is related to cortical activity and supports the model that the actin cytoskeleton plays an important role in polarity establishment.

Die durch Lipopolysaccharid (LPS) induzierte frühe Immunantwort ist ein wesentlicher Mechanismus der Infektabwehr durch die angeborene Immunität. Bei starker LPS-Exposition kann es andererseits zur Ausbildung eines septischen Syndroms kommen. Der endothelialen Sekretion von Interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8), das als Chemokin die Migration neutrophiler Granulozyten vermittelt, kommt dabei herausragende Bedeutung zu. Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit war es, die Relevanz der Rho-Proteine RhoA, Rac1 und Cdc42 für die LPS-induzierte intrazelluläre Signaltransduktion mittels Überexpression inaktiver Mutanten dieser Proteine zu untersuchen. Diese Untersuchung wurde erschwert durch die schlechte Transfizierbarkeit der Endothelzelllinie HPMEC-ST1.6R, die nahezu alle Charakteristika primärer Endothelzellen aufweist. Deshalb wurde eine Methode etabliert, die durch Kotransfektion des Grünen Fluoreszenzproteins (GFP) die flusszytometrische Selektion der transfizierten Zellen anhand ihrer GFP-bedingten Fluoreszenz und die Messung der Expression von CXCL8 allein in dieser Population ermöglicht. Damit wurde nachgewiesen, dass die inaktiven Mutanten RhoAN19, Rac1N17 und Cdc42N17 jeweils die LPS-induzierte Expression von CXCL8 vermindern. Die größte Reduktion der CXCL8-Expression um 38 % der Positivkontrolle zeigte sich nach Transfektion der Mutante Rac1N17. Die Zelllinie CHO-3E10 exprimiert einen artifiziellen Reporter unter der Kontrolle eines Fragments aus der Verstärkerregion des Gens für das Endotheliale Leukozyten-Adhäsionsmolekül ELAM-1 (CD62E). Die Transfektion jeder einzelnen der inaktiven Varianten der drei GTP-bindenden Proteine in Zellen der Linie CHO-3E10 reduzierte die Expression des Reporterproteins nach Stimulation mit LPS signifikant. Die stärkste Reduktion der Reporterexpression um 51 % der Positivkontrolle ergab sich unter Rac1N17. Zusammengefasst zeigt die Studie, dass die Überexpression der inaktiven Mutanten RhoAN19, Rac1N17 und Cdc42N17 zu einer Abnahme der endothelialen Expression von CXCL8 führt. Darüberhinaus ergab sich im Vergleich zu den Mutanten RhoAN19 und Cdc42N17 die stärkste Reduktion der CXCL8-Expression in Endothelzellen nach Transfektion der Mutante Rac1N17. / The early immune response induced by Lipopolysaccaride (LPS) is a crucial mechanism in fighting off infections by the innate immunity. On the other side high amounts of LPS can lead to the development of a sepsis. In this process the endothelial secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8), which causes the migration of neutrophilic granulocytes to the site of infection is highly important. The aim of this study was to analyze the relevance of each of the three Rho-proteins RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 for the intracellular signal transduction resulting in CXCL8-expression by means of overexpressing inactive mutants of these proteins. Cells of the human microvascular endothelial cell line HPMEC-ST1.6R show most characteristics of primary endothelial cells and are extremely difficult to transfect. Therefore a method was established, which allowed sorting of successfully transfected cells by cotransfecting a gene encoding for green fluorescence protein (GFP). This method permitted measuring intracellular expression of CXCL8 in the population successfully transfected with plasmids encoding for RhoAN19, Rac1N17 or Cdc42N17 mutants. This experiments demonstrated that the inactive mutants RhoAN19 Rac1N17 or Cdc42N17 each decreased the LPS-induced expression of CXCL8. Quantitative comparision showed the greatest reduction of 38 % in CXCL8-expression due to transfection of the Rac1N17 mutant. The LPS-inducible reporter cell line CHO-3E10 used in this study expresses the human CD25-antigene as an artificial reporter protein under the control of a fragment from the enhancer region of the gene for the human endothelial leukocytic adhesionmolecule ELAM-1 (CD62E). Transfecting each of the inactive mutants RhoAN19, Rac1N17 or Cdc42N17 in CHO-3E10 cells significantly reduced the LPS-induced expression of the reporter protein. The greatest reduction in reporter expression of 51 % resulted from transfection with the Rac1N17 mutant. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that overexpression of nonfunctional GTP-binding proteins RhoAN19, Rac1N17 or Cdc42N17 leads to a decrease in endothelial CXCL8-expression. Moreover, CXCL8-expression in endothelial cells transfected with the Rac1N17 mutant was most efficiently reduced when compared to the other mutants.