No description available.

Orientador: Cláudia Longo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T05:10:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_HaroldoGregoriode_D.pdf: 8058595 bytes, checksum: b4141a5719256524b785c37f949ee3d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Eletrodos de filmes porosos contendo TiO2 e WO3 foram preparados sobre vidro revestido com SnO2:F (FTO), a partir de suspensões aquosas de TiO2 Degussa P25®, precursores de WO3, polietileno glicol e aquecimento (450°C, 30 min). As amostras de TiO2 e WO3 apresentaram máximo de absorção respectivamente em 390 e 480 nm; valores intermediários foram observados para as misturas. Os filmes de TiO2, ca. 4,5 mm, consistem de partículas esféricas interconectadas (diâmetro 25 nm) resultando em superfície porosa e excelente cobertura do substrato. A presença de H2WO4 na suspensão de TiO2 resultou no filme TiO2/WO3, com morfologia semelhante porém menos poroso. O eletrodo de WO3 apresentou cobertura não uniforme, com partículas na forma de flocos (0,1-1 mm). A deposição de TiO2 sobre o WO3 resultou no eletrodo de WO3-TiO2, de morfologia similar a do TiO2. As propriedades eletroquímicas foram investigadas em solução aquosa de Na2SO4, na ausência de luz e sob irradiação policromática. Os eletrodos apresentaram comportamento de semicondutor tipo n, com fotopotencial negativo e fotocorrente anódica; a presença do WO3 promoveu um aumento na fotocorrente. Os eletrodos foram utilizados para remediação de solução aquosa do corante rodamina 6G (10 mmol L) nas configurações de fotocatálise heterogênea (FH) e FH eletroquimicamente assistida por polarização a 0,7 V (FHE). Sob irradiação, nas 3 h iniciais, observou-se cinética de pseudo-1a ordem para o descoramento da solução; em FH, os eletrodos de WO3, TiO2 e WO3-TiO2 promoveram respectivamente a remoção de 8, 34 e 38 % do corante (constante de velocidade aparente de 0,37x10; 2,3x10 e 2,8x10 min) e, na ausência de fotocatalisador, apenas 4%. Maior eficiência foi observada em FHE; para o WO3-TiO2, p.ex., houve remoção de 44% do corante (3,2x10 min). Os eletrodos também foram utilizados para tratamento de solução aquosa do hormônio 17 a-etinilestradiol (34 mmol L); após 4 h em condições de FH e FHE, a remediação com TiO2 resultou na degradação de 38 e 48 %, enquanto que o eletrodo de TiO2/WO3 promoveu a degradação de 45 e 54 %. Ambos os eletrodos promoveram mineralização semelhante do hormônio, 15 e 19 %, para as condições de FH e FHE; na ausência de fotocatalisador, observou-se degradação de 10 % (4 % de mineralização). A oxidação fotocatalítica dos poluentes com estes eletrodos foi discutida considerando diagramas de energia; na presença de WO3, além de se obter um maior aproveitamento da radiação visível, a posição favorável das bandas de condução e de valência de ambos os semicondutores promove a separação das cargas fotogeradas, o que minimiza sua recombinação e aumenta a eficiência do processo de oxidação dos compostos orgânicos / Abstract: Porous films electrodes containing TiO2 and WO3 were deposited on SnO2:F (FTO) conducting glass from aqueous suspensions with TiO2 Degussa P25®, WO3 precursors and polyethylene glycol, followed by heating (450°C, 30 min). The maximum absorption was respectively observed at 390 and 480 nm for TiO2 and WO3 samples; intermediate values were obtained for the mixtures. The TiO2 films, ca. 4.5 mm, consisted of interconnected spherical particles (25 nm), resulting in a porous surface and excellent substrate coverage. Adding H2WO4 on the TiO2 suspension resulted in the TiO2/WO3 film, with comparable morphology but less porous. The WO3 electrode exhibited a non-uniform surface coverage with disk shaped particles (0.1-1mm). The morphology of the bilayer WO3-TiO2, obtained from the deposition of a TiO2 film on the top of a WO3 electrode, was similar to that observed for TiO2. The electrochemical properties were investigated in Na2SO4 aqueous solution, in the dark and under polychromatic irradiation. The electrodes exhibited an n-type semiconductor behavior, with negative photopotential and anodic photocurrent; higher photocurrent was observed for electrodes containing WO3. The electrodes were used for remediation of Rhodamine 6G dye aqueous solution (10 mmol L) using the configurations for heterogeneous photocatalysis (HP) and electro assisted-HP by polarization at 0.7 V (EHP). Under irradiation, at the initial 3 h, a pseudo first order kinetics was observed for the dye solution bleaching; in HP configuration, the WO3, TiO2 and WO3-TiO2 electrodes promoted respectively 8, 34 and 38 % of dye removal (apparent rate constants of 0.37x10; 2.3x10 and 2.8x10 min) and, without photocatalysts, only 4 %. Higher efficiency was observed under EHP configuration; for WO3-TiO2, 44 % of dye was removed (3.2x10 min). Also, the electrodes were used for treatment of aqueous solution containing the 17 a-ethynylestradiol hormone (34 mmol L); after 4 h in HP and EHP configurations, the remediation with TiO2 resulted in degradation of 38 and 48 % of the hormone, and the TiO2/WO3 electrode promoted 45 and 54 %. HP and EHP configuration resulted in similar mineralization for both electrodes, 15 and 19 %, respectively; without the photocatalyst, 10 % of degradation was observed (4 % of mineralization). The dye and hormone photocatalytic oxidation by these electrodes was discussed considering energy diagrams; for the electrodes containing WO3, the better harvesting of visible radiation, as well as, the favorable relative position of valence and conduction band of these semiconductors, promotes the separation of photogenerated charges, which minimizes their recombination, improving the efficiency of organic compounds oxidation / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutor em Ciências

This thesis studies properties of hydrogel, which arises on the basis of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between hyaluronan chain and micelles of cationic surfactant. A native sodium hyaluronan at molecular weight 750–1 000 kDa and a cationic surfactant CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) were used. This hydrogel was assessed as a material for drug delivery systems. The hydrogels were made by mixing 200mM CTAB with 0.5% hyaluronan, both dissolved in 0.15M aqueous solution of NaCl simulating physiological solution. Methods used in this study were steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, more accurately time-resolved emission spectra (TRES) and deconvolution of steady-state emission spectra of a whole sample by means of parameters gained from fluorescence intensity decays at a set of wavelenghts. Selected systems were investigated by three fluorescent probes, prodan, laurdan and rhodamine 6G. The first two mentioned probes were in hydrogel localized only within micelles in three different microenvironments. Rhodamine 6G pointed out that in hydrogel the aqueous environment is significantly restricted in comparison to purely micellar solution. In addition, rhodamine informed about less available micelle surfaces, caused by hyaluronan chains occupation. There were no interactions between the probes and hyaluronan chains. Freshly made hydrogels showed almost the same results as after a week of maturation under its supernatant.

In this diploma thesis were investigated in terms of microviscosity liquid and condensed systems composed of hyaluronan (Hya) and cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The excitation and emission spectra, lifetime, steady-state fluorescence anisotropy and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy of the samples were measured. First, was studied the formation of hydrophobic domains in the system Hya-CTAB at concentration of CTAB lower than its critical micelle concentration in an aqueous solution and 0.15M NaCl. It was found that in an aqueous solution small hydrophobic domains linked to chains Hya are formed. Then an increasing concentration of CTAB leads to phase separation and formation of gel. Due to the addition of NaCl then leads to the reorganization of this system and probably the formation of free micelles in the solution. Were also studied condensed phase of system Hya-CTAB-NaCl at high concentrations of surfactant during fourteen days of ageing. It was found that the microviscosity of hydrophobic domains is constant, but the microviscosity of hydrophilic parts gradually decreases.

No description available.

The present study involves the determination of traces of thallium and mercury in aqueous solution by forming ion-association complexes of these metals with rhodamine 6G (R6G) in the presence of iodide. Thallium(lll) and mercury(Il) are able to quench the fluorescence of R6G in the presence of iodide by forming ion—association complexes, and the degree of quenching correlates with the thallium(III) or mercury(II) concentrations . By using this method, the minimum amount of thallium- (III) that can be determined in aqueous solutions is approximately 4.00 X 10-6m, while the minimum amount of mercury(II) is approximately 3.00 X 10-6m. Thallium(I) cannot be determined by this method because it is not possible to form ion-association complexes under similar experimental conditions therefore, this method can be used to differentiate between Tl(I) and Tl(III) in aqueous solution. To elucidate the composition of the ion-association complexes in aqueous solutions two spectrophotometric methods are used: the mole-ratio method and the continuous- variation method. The experimental results seem to indicate that two complexes are formed for the mercury(II)-R6G-iodide system. The empirical compositions of these complexes are tentatively determined to be [(R6G)HgI3] and [(R6G)2HgI4).

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Textile dyes and other commercial dyestuffs have become a focus of environmental remediation efforts in the last few years. Considerable attention has been expended recently on the photocatalytic oxidative degradation of colored contaminants in waste water over semiconductor surfaces. In this work, we evaluated the photocatalytic activities of nanocomposites based on cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots anchored on (mercaptopropyl)silica (MPS) monitoring the photodegradation of methylene blue and rhodamine 6G aqueous solutions under sunlight irradiation. Herein, MPS was selected as the stabilizing agent to prepare the CdS and CdS doped with Cu2+ Qdots by the chemical reaction of cadmium acetate and thiourea in dimethylformamide Abstract|viii (DMF) by a rather simple one-step method. The quantum size effect has been monitored by UV visible spectroscopy, which showed a blue shift of about 16 48 nm relative to bulk CdS in the range 442-474 nm. Particle sizes calculated from Brus s model were found to be dependent on the MPS amount. These results evidenced that as-prepared CdS nanocrystals behave as Qdots. Additionally, XRD mensurements and HRTEM images indicated CdS cubic structure for the nanocrystals, which also exhibited an increment in the fluorescence intensity with decreasing particle size. UV absorption spectra for Cu-doped CdS are essentially similar to that of the undoped Qdots, but the luminescence properties are quite different from those of the undoped samples. Moreover, these materials could effectively degrade the organic dyes under sunlight irradiation by pseudo-first-order kinetics. This suggested that the CdS Qdots prepared in this work can be used as the potential photocatalyst to effectively treat the organic pollutants under sunlight irradiation. / Indústrias têxteis produzem elevado volume de efluentes ricos em corantes tóxicos e não-biodegradáveis. A degradação fotocatalítica de poluentes aquosos usando nanocristais semicondutores é uma área emergente na remediação ambiental. Neste trabalho, a atividade fotocatalítica de quantum dots (Qdots) de sulfeto de cádmio (CdS) ancorados em (mercaptopropil)sílica (MPS) foi investigada a partir da degradação dos corantes azul de metileno (AM) e rodamina 6G (R6G). Nanocristais de CdS e CdS dopado com íons Cu2+ foram preparados pela reação química de acetato de cádmio e tiouréia em presença da matriz de sílica organofuncionalizada, por um método bastante simples e de uma única etapa. Pelos espectros eletrônicos, foi possível notar um Resumo|vi deslocamento para o azul com o aumento da quantidade de MPS e band gaps mais largos do que o bulk de CdS. Os diâmetros das nanopartículas, estimados a partir do modelo de Brus, são dependentes da quantidade da matriz. Estes resultados sugerem que as partículas se comportam como Qdots. Fases cúbicas dos nanocristais são estabelecidas de acordo com dados de DRX e HRTEM e os espectros de emissão corroboram a presença de Qdots no material formado. A dopagem do nanocompósito com íons Cu2+ propiciou mudanças na recombinação elétron-buraco das nanopartículas de CdS, o que foi observado pelos espectros de absorção no UV-vis e de emissão. Avaliação temporal no espectro de absorção no UV-vis dos corantes AM e R6G em contato com CdS/MPS e CdS:Cu/MPS durante irradiação com luz solar mostrou uma pronunciada diminuição da intensidade de absorbância e um deslocamento do máximo de absorção para menores comprimentos de onda, em resposta à formação de subprodutos de degradação.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Textile dyes and other commercial dyestuffs have become a focus of environmental remediation efforts in the last few years. Considerable attention has been expended recently on the photocatalytic oxidative degradation of colored contaminants in waste water over semiconductor surfaces. In this work, we evaluated the photocatalytic activities of nanocomposites based on cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots anchored on (mercaptopropyl)silica (MPS) monitoring the photodegradation of methylene blue and rhodamine 6G aqueous solutions under sunlight irradiation. Herein, MPS was selected as the stabilizing agent to prepare the CdS and CdS doped with Cu2+ Qdots by the chemical reaction of cadmium acetate and thiourea in dimethylformamide Abstract|viii (DMF) by a rather simple one-step method. The quantum size effect has been monitored by UV visible spectroscopy, which showed a blue shift of about 16 48 nm relative to bulk CdS in the range 442-474 nm. Particle sizes calculated from Brus s model were found to be dependent on the MPS amount. These results evidenced that as-prepared CdS nanocrystals behave as Qdots. Additionally, XRD mensurements and HRTEM images indicated CdS cubic structure for the nanocrystals, which also exhibited an increment in the fluorescence intensity with decreasing particle size. UV absorption spectra for Cu-doped CdS are essentially similar to that of the undoped Qdots, but the luminescence properties are quite different from those of the undoped samples. Moreover, these materials could effectively degrade the organic dyes under sunlight irradiation by pseudo-first-order kinetics. This suggested that the CdS Qdots prepared in this work can be used as the potential photocatalyst to effectively treat the organic pollutants under sunlight irradiation. / Indústrias têxteis produzem elevado volume de efluentes ricos em corantes tóxicos e não-biodegradáveis. A degradação fotocatalítica de poluentes aquosos usando nanocristais semicondutores é uma área emergente na remediação ambiental. Neste trabalho, a atividade fotocatalítica de quantum dots (Qdots) de sulfeto de cádmio (CdS) ancorados em (mercaptopropil)sílica (MPS) foi investigada a partir da degradação dos corantes azul de metileno (AM) e rodamina 6G (R6G). Nanocristais de CdS e CdS dopado com íons Cu2+ foram preparados pela reação química de acetato de cádmio e tiouréia em presença da matriz de sílica organofuncionalizada, por um método bastante simples e de uma única etapa. Pelos espectros eletrônicos, foi possível notar um Resumo|vi deslocamento para o azul com o aumento da quantidade de MPS e band gaps mais largos do que o bulk de CdS. Os diâmetros das nanopartículas, estimados a partir do modelo de Brus, são dependentes da quantidade da matriz. Estes resultados sugerem que as partículas se comportam como Qdots. Fases cúbicas dos nanocristais são estabelecidas de acordo com dados de DRX e HRTEM e os espectros de emissão corroboram a presença de Qdots no material formado. A dopagem do nanocompósito com íons Cu2+ propiciou mudanças na recombinação elétron-buraco das nanopartículas de CdS, o que foi observado pelos espectros de absorção no UV-vis e de emissão. Avaliação temporal no espectro de absorção no UV-vis dos corantes AM e R6G em contato com CdS/MPS e CdS:Cu/MPS durante irradiação com luz solar mostrou uma pronunciada diminuição da intensidade de absorbância e um deslocamento do máximo de absorção para menores comprimentos de onda, em resposta à formação de subprodutos de degradação.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The challenge of nanotechnology, the science that studies the phenomena as well as the manipulation of materials at nanoscale (1-100 nm) is the control of composition, shape and size of nanoparticles, parameters that influence the physical, chemical, optical and electronic properties. In this context, the so-called quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanoparticles which have attracted considerable attention due to their heavily size-dependent optical and electronic properties. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) QDs exhibit important photoluminescent properties, allowing applications in optoelectronic systems, photocatalysis, photodegradation of pollutants in the water medium etc. In this work, we present the results of the synthesis and characterization of CdS nanocrystals, in the absence and in the presence of doping Mn (II) ions, supported on Montmorillonite thiolated (MT) as well as their application as photocatalysts. The materials were characterized by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, photoluminescence spectroscopy and High-Resolution transmission electron microscopy. The effects of nanoparticle size, evaluated first by UV-visible spectroscopy, showed that the absorption maximum changed from 470 to 460 nm for different proportions of the support relative to CdS precursors. The XRD patterns showed three peaks of CdS nanocrystals related to the cubic phase of CdS. The photoluminescence spectra have shown emission bands around 470, 476, 484 and 495 viii nm, attributed to direct recombination of electron-hole pairs, and the presence of a shoulder around 578 nm, attributed to radiative recombination in trap levels from surface deffects. HRTEM images for the sample of CdS/MT 200 mg suggest the presence of monocrystalline CdS nanocrystals with approximately 4.8 nm which assemble together forming polycrystalline aggregates with a size from about 45 nm intercalated into clay layers. The photocatalytic activity of CdS/MT and CdS:Mn / MT was studied by Rhodamine 6G (R6G) photodegradation under sunlight irradiation. The results have shown a decrease in the intensity of the bands in addition to a shift from 526 to 505 nm in the absorption maximum with increasing time. According to the results of photocatalysis after 80min practically all the dye had been degraded, on the other hand, for the adsorption test, after the first 20 minutes there were no significant changes in the dye concentration. The rate of decolorization of dye showed that after 80 min the QDs have an effective induction in the degradation of R6G and the photocatalytic decolorization of R6G can be described by a pseudo first order kinetic model. / O desafio da nanotecnologia, ciência que estuda os fenômenos e manipulação de materiais em escala nanométrica (1-100 nm), é o controle de composição, forma e tamanho de nanomateriais, parâmetros que influenciam as propriedades físicas, químicas, óticas e eletrônicas. Dentro desse contexto, os quantum dots (QDs) são nanopartículas semicondutoras que têm atraído uma atenção considerável devido as suas propriedades ópticas e eletrônicas, que são fortemente dependente da sua dimensão. Os QDs de sulfeto de cádmio (CdS) apresentam importantes propriedades de fotoluminescência, que possibilitam aplicações em sistemas optoeletrônicos, nanosemicondutores, fotocatálise, fotodegradação de poluentes na água etc. Neste trabalho, apresentamos os resultados da síntese, caracterização e aplicação em fotocatálise e adsorção dos nanocristais de CdS, na presença e na ausência de dopagem com íons Mn (II), suportados em Montmorilonita Tiolada (MT). Os materiais obtidos vi foram caracterizados por Espectroscopia de Absorção no UV-vis, Difração de Raios-X, Fotoluminescência e Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão de Alta Resolução. Os efeitos do tamanho das nanopartículas foram estudas por espectroscopia de UV-visível que mostraram uma absorção máxima em 470 e 460 nm para diferentes proporções da MT. Os difratogramas indicaram três picos relacionados às nanopartículas do CdS que corresponde a fase cúbica do CdS, o que foi corroborado com os dados de HRTEM. Os espectros de fotoluminescência mostram bandas de emissão em torno de 470, 476, 484 e 495 nm atribuídas à recombinação direta dos pares elétron-buraco, e a presença de um ombro em torno de 578 nm, atribuída a recombinação radiativa em níveis de armadilhas provenientes de imperfeições do material. As imagens de HRTEM para a amostra de CdS/MT 200 mg sugerem a presença de nanocristais de CdS monocristalinos, com diâmetro de aproximadamente 4,8 nm, agregados na forma de partículas policristalinas com um tamanho aproximadamente entre 45 nm intercalados nas lamelas da argila. A atividade fotocatalítica do CdS/MT e do CdS:Mn/MT foi estudada através da fotodegradação da Rodamina 6G (R6G) sob irradiação solar.Os resultados evidenciaram uma diminuição da intensidade das bandas e um deslocamento de 526 para 505 nm do máximo de absorção com o aumento do tempo, indicando a formação de intermediários de degradação. De acordo com os resultados de fotocatálise, após 80min de reação praticamente, praticamente todo o corante havia sido degradado, enquanto que para o ensaio de adsorção após os 20 primeiros minutos não houve mudanças significativas na concentração do corante nas amostras. A taxa de descolorização do corante mostrou que, depois de 80 min, os QDs tiveram uma efetiva indução na degradação da R6G e que a descoloração fotocatalítica da R6G pode ser descrita por um modelo cinético de pseudo primeira ordem.

This diploma thesis is focused on the study of inverse fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, especially with the regard for the usage of different fluorescent probes and different sized analysed particles. At first, the proper concentration of fluorescent probes was determined. In this concentration is the probe considered as a medium surrounding the analysed particles. Based on this concentration, which was determined as 400 M, several sets of samples were prepared. This samples contained different concentration of polystyrene particles of 100 and 500 nm diameter and multilamellar liposomes. Then, the FCS curves of samples with different fluorescent probes were measured. Fluorescein, rhodamine 6G and Atto 488 were used as fluorescent probes. As a result from experiments, it was found, that particles with 100 nm diameter cannot be analysed with none of the fluorescent probes. Inverse FCS method can be applied to systems, that contains particles with 500 nm diameter and fluorescein. Systems with rhodamine 6G have the same behaviour as typical FCS measurement. It is caused by dimerization of this probe and it cannot be used for 500 nm particles. Liposome samples can be established with iFCS method, but the results are biased by random distribution of liposomes size.