Taiwan, as an island country, should place future aspiration on the usages of ocean energy and marine resources, such as offshore wind power and deep ocean water. The sound development of marine services relies on a strong industry of maritime engineering. The perilous marine environment has posed the highest risk for all maritime civil engineering activities. It is therefore imperative to restrain the risk associated with current maritime work, other than just engineering technique itself. By doing so, the quality of maritime work can be assured, and as the improvement of overall engineering capability, Taiwan can compete worldwide in the maritime engineering industry. Maritime works have developed their own standard construction procedures. To mitigate risk of maritime works depend mainly on the domain experts¡¦ experience and know-how. However, problems appear when less experienced experts are available, or qualitative experience exists in a narrative form. It is therefore important to structure clearly an engineering risk factor relation, and quantify and control these risk factors. The proposed study will first collect and review related literatures, and then interview an expert from the designate maritime service company to establish the risk factors associated with offshore piping. Eventually a complete Bayesian network (BN) was formulated based on the cause-effect diagram, using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), and experts¡¦ experience was transformed into a set of prior and conditional probability to be embedded in the BN. The BN can clearly show that certain earlier operational factors affect final operational process deeply. Besides, the backward reasoning using the BN is possible to identify the factors causing a project failure.

The pollution of soil and groundwater have increased due to the leakage of ptrolium products and organic chemicals in the country recently,and Taiwan face with small region and dense population,so the pollution maybe exposed through relevant way such as quality of water,soil,air,crop and fish and so on to affect human health and cause risk of jeopardise directly or indiretly. The study is to aimed at chlorinated compounds for domestic,and use methods of risk assessment to analyze necessity and urgency of renovation for be contaiminted compound and downstream influence.And then according to result to make relevant management strategies and projets to control risk level and influence for contaiminated compound. In this study,we collect information relate to case,in accordence to health and risk assessment methods for soil and groundwater contaminated sites and some softwares of CRYSTAL BALL and BIOCHLO by Environmental Protection Bureau to estimate the site which was evaluated chlorinated compound (trichloroethylene,TCE),and considerate whether they affect residents healy nearby,use some hydrogeological survey of sites to process second-level health risk assessments. First,use commercial software of CRYSTAL BALL execute uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. Not only does the analysis probe into overall parameters variaty how to affect risk value but also they process analysis and results by different combinations of paremeter.From this result, we can confirm that the large parameter values for affecting risk is transmission of pollutants and is similar to previous studies assessment and analysis.Other parameter cause less influence for risk variaty such as age level of receptor,group,the way of contact,time and water quntity.The study discovers TCE pollutants concentration will make change of risk value by accompany with groundwater move to downstream distance. That means receptor of distance of contamination resource cause large influence. The far distance represents can product the larger function for TCE pollutant, and causes less cancer risk for receptor, conversely, it causes higher cancer risk. Subsequently, we also use BIOCHLOR assessment software by U.S.A Enviromental Protection Bureau. from the result to determine whether the site have potential of anaerrobic reductive dechlorination or not and estimate natural attenuation possibility.The actual situation of the site gets the three score in the weight total.This display do not prove that chlorinated compounds can procedd biogical decomposition in the anaerobic invironment without more correct value in the stage.We recommend looking for another renovations. The study selects more important sensitive parameters through risk assessment result for the site and work out the way of renovations which is suitable for this case by schedule of object. The investigation has found that residents indeed extracted groundwater for agriculture irrigation, but not drank water directly. In order to avoid the worst situation happens from the view of risk, we will consider two aspects of regulation and technology for plan. First, in order to administration control for the aspect of regulation we will consider how to prohibit residents to extract groundwater effectively. For instance, prohibit or limit to set up underground well, provide substitute drink water, set up notice sign and underground water quality monitor measure regularity. Second, for the sake of preventing pollutant group spread and adopt measure for the aspect of technology, for example pollution remediation technology (include soil gas extraction, air injection method at present) and containment control technology (include hydraulic containment, permeability reactive barrier, natural biological remediation, etc) to manage effectively possible events in the site and prepare well prevention in advance. We also adopt good communication with local residents to let residents understand executive content for renovation and reduce their resistance in favor of making progress for renovation and achieve risk management objective.

The melamine incident 2008 was a global food crisis and drew attentions to other potential food safety risks. Although there are regulations and standards for food safety, but one common problem in food risk management is that it lacks on hazard indicators - indicators in ranking of food risk and control. The three algorithms developed in this article were: 1. A distribution fitting algorithm proposed to estimate population parameters for left-censored melamine data under log-normal assumption. 2. A risk index algorithm proposed to screen out food product categories with higher concentration without considering measurement uncertainty. 3. A misjudgment probability algorithm proposed to calculate the probability that food categories containing melamine more than legal limit but classified satisfactory under consideration of measurement uncertainty. The test results on melamine collected from the website of the Centre for Food Safety of Hong Kong are empirically analyzed by the proposed algorithms. The risk index (RI) and the consumer¡¦s risk (CR) of multiple food categories are discussed and compared in details. Based on risk index (RI) and consumer¡¦s risk (CR), we build a risk assessment process to help assess melamine risk and make sample strategy in surveillance programme. The proposed risk assessment process can be applied to other chemical contaminant problems such as plasticizer (phthalate esters) and ractopamine (paylean), etc.

This dissertation examines the interdependence between urban water distribution systems and urban fire response. The focus on interdependent critical infrastructures is driven by concern for security of water systems and the effects on related infrastructures if water distribution systems are damaged by terrorist attack or natural disaster. A model of interdependent infrastructures (principally water distribution systems and fire response) is developed called the Model of Urban Fire Spread (MUFS). The model includes the capacity to simulate firefighting water demands in a community water system hydraulic model, building-to-building urban fire spread, and suppression activities. MUFS is an improvement over previous similar models because it allows simulation of urban fires at the level of individual buildings and it permits simulation of interdependent infrastructures working in concert. MUFS is used to simulate a series of multi-mode attacks and failures (MMAFs) – events which disable the water distribution system and simultaneously ignite an urban fire. The consequences of MMAF scenarios are analyzed to determine the most serious modes of infrastructure failure and urban fire ignition. Various methods to determine worst-case configurations of urban fire ignition points are also examined. These MMAF scenarios are used to inform the design of potential mitigation measures to decrease the consequences of the urban fire. The effectiveness of mitigation methods is determined using the MUFS simulation tool. Novel metrics are developed to quantify the effectiveness of the mitigation methods from the time-series development of their consequences. A cost-benefit analysis of the various mitigation measures is conducted to provide additional insight into the methods’ effectiveness and better inform the decision-making process of selecting mitigation methods. Planned future work includes further refinement of the representation of fire propagation and suppression in MUFS and investigation of historical MMAF events to validate simulation predictions. Future efforts will continue development of appropriate optimization methods for determining worst-case MMAF scenarios. This work should be of interest to water utility managers and emergency planners, who can adapt the methodology to analyze their communities’ vulnerability to MMAFs and design mitigation techniques to meet their unique needs, as well as to researchers interested in infrastructure modeling and disaster simulation.

Cheng-Ching Lake water treatment plant (CCLWTP), the largest water treatment plant in southern Taiwan serving the Kaoping region, uses the Kaoping River water as the source water. The plant has encountered both technical and managerial challenges to implement advanced water treatment system since 2004 in order to provide high quality drinking water to the residents living in the Kaoping metropolitan area and to meet future stringent drinking water standards. Granular activated carbon (GAC), derived from wood, bituminous coal, lignite, or other carbon-containing materials, and is the most widely utilized adsorbent for treating water and wastewater. It is usually used after the sand filtration process in water or wastewater treatment plant; the exhausted GAC is re-activated by a combustion process. Moreover, biological activated carbon (BAC) filtration (biofiltration) has become one of the advanced treatment techniques applied in the water treatment plant. In general, BAC offers a large internal surface area for the adsorption of taste, odor, and color compounds, excess chlorine, toxic and mutagenic substances (e.g., bromide, chlorinated organic compounds, including trihalomethanes), trihalomethane precursors, pesticides, phenolic compounds, dyes, toxic metals, and substances that cause biological after growth. After the biofiltration process, a final disinfection is necessary to ensure the microbial quality of the treated water. Because biofiltration is usually not capable of removing biorefractory substances, pre-oxidation with ozone is usually applied for oxidizing the most biorefractory organic matters and also improving their biodegradability before the water is treated in the BAC process. Hence, using ozone pre-oxidation will greatly enhances the effectiveness of the subsequent BAC process. The CCLWTP effluent meets the current drinking water quality established by Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA). However, the microbial regrowth due to the residual minute quantity of organic carbons causes pipe corrosion, and the formation of disinfectant by-products (DBPs) in the distribution system leading to potential contaminations of the clean water after it enters into the distribution system. Thus, monitoring the water quality in water distribution systems necessity to develop appropriate strategies for managing both the treatment plant and following distribution systems. Chlorine is often used in municipal water treatment plant for disinfecting drinking water; it can react with naturally occurring organic matter to form trihalomethanes (THMs), e.g. chloroform, bromodichloromethane, chlorodibromomethane and bromoform that causes long-term health hazards to consumers through oral ingestion, dermal absorption and inhalation. The lifetime cancer risk and the hazard index of THMs through oral ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation exposure from tap water in 9 districts in Kaohsiung City are estimated. In the first part of this study, water samples were periodically collected from each treatment process of Cheng-Ching Lake Water Treatment Plant (CCLWTP) to assess the AOC (assimilable organic carbon) removal. In the second part of this study, the role of BAC filtration used in advanced water treatment plant and its capability to remove pollutants (AOC, bromide, bromate, and iron) were evaluated. Additionally, the efficiency of biofiltration process using GAC and anthracite as the fillers was also assessed with a bench-scale GAC adsorption column. In third part of the study, the distribution system of CCLWTP was selected for conducting the case study for understanding the fate and transport of water quality indicators in the distribution system. The last part of the study concentrated on undertaking multipathway exposure assessment based on the concentrations of various THMs found in the water samples collected at various locations of Kaohsiung City water supply system. The AOC removal efficiency of the advanced water treatment processes of the CCL was assessed using data collected in the field during the first phase of this study. However, the effect of two different filling materials on the efficiency of biofiltration process was evaluated using a laboratory bench-scale column study. Results of both laboratory study and field investigation show that a significant AOC removal efficiency was achieved by the BAC system implemented in CCLWTP. Conclusions of this study are summarized as follows: 1. Significant AOC removal efficiency was achieved in CCLWTP and the AOC concentrations in the effluent could meet the current established standards. 2. The increased AOC concentrations after the treatment of preozonation and chlorination may be caused by the oxidation of organic matters to more biodegradable and assimilable products. 3. The removal of AOC is correlated with the decrease in concentrations of other drinking water indicators, e.g., coliform, TPC, TDS, and particle counts). 4. The addition of sodium thiosulfate in water samples could enhance the performance of the AOC analysis (the accuracy and reliability). 5. The BAC filtration has been demonstrated to play an important role in the removal of the trace AOC. Thus, the application of BAC for AOC removal is feasible and should be included as a required treatment unit in the advanced WTP. The field study completed in the second part assessed the removal efficiencies of AOC and other water quality indicators in CCLWTP, while the effects of using two different filling materials on the efficiency of biofiltration process and microorganisms growing were evaluated using a laboratory bench-scale column study. Conclusions of this study include the following: 1. The BAC filtration system is capable of removing trace pollutants including organics and metals. 2. Significant overall treatment efficiency can be achieved in the CCLWTP, and concentrations of the water quality indicators in the effluent will meet the drinking water standards established by TEPA. 3. The increased AOC concentrations after ozonation and chlorination processes may be caused by the oxidation of organic matters into more biodegradable and assimilable organic products. 4. GAC is a more appropriate filling material than anthracite in the biofiltration system for the removal of AOC. 5. More microorganisms were observed in GAC column than in BAF column. This may be due to the effect that GAC has more specific surface area than anthracite. Additionally, more microbial growth was observed at depth of 5 cm than 0 and 40 cm in both columns indicating that 5 cm below the column surface is rich in both dissolved oxygen and biodegradable that causes higher microbial populations. 6. The BAC filtration plays an important role in the removal of the trace AOC; it should be included as a required treatment unit in future advanced WTP. Additionally, the BAF filtration column filled with anthracite is not as effective as the GAC-filled column in removing AOC. Thus, GAC should be used for the proposed BAF filtration unit. 7. The oxidation process using ozone will increase the amount of carbonyl group organics in the oxidized water leading to poor biological stability. Therefore, the oxidation should be combined with a subsequent GAC or biological process to minimize the AOC formation potential. The third study, Using the oxidation/reduction potential (ORP) along with other water quality parameters to indicate the water quality in the CCLWTP distribution systems was assessed and focused. Behavior of water quality parameters by monitor and investigate was made a replacement of corrosive pipe line. The results reveal that the treated water leaving CCLWTP (clear water) meets the drinking water standards in Taiwan. However, the water is re-contaminated by a number of factors including the corrosion of old pipes while it is flowing in the distribution system. Major conclusions of this study are summarized in the following sections: 1. The free residual chlorine concentration in CCLWTP distribution system is adequate to meet the drinking water standards established by TEPA. 2. The residual AOC concentration is well correlated with the TOC concentration in the samples collected at various sites in different administrative areas. 3. Ratios of AOC/TOC in six administrative areas were higher than 9%, indicating that the biofilms were fall and increased organic matter of tap water distribution systems. 4. The average AOC concentrations were increased with followed variations of UV-254 value. 5. A number of factors (AOC, pH, redox potential, TOC, UV-254, and chlorine residual) control the growth of microorganisms on pipe surfaces. 6. DO have a negative relationship between THMs and HAAs concentrations. Because that oxygen have higher electronegative than chlorine and bromine, and apt utilization of organic carbon. 7. Results were shown of pH, DO and ORP had a positive relationship (Need to be more specific about the correlationship. 8. Major chemical reactions in the distribution system involve both electrons and protons transfers; they are pH- and Eh (ORP)-dependent. Therefore, chemical reactions in pipe net often can be characterized by pH and Eh together with the activity of dissolved chemical species. 9. The results reveal that the non-scaling water in LSI of distribution systems of CCL close to saturation (LSI = 0) (Cannot be understood). As show the other results, located K and M1 areas in LSI¡@were -0.002 and -0.012, respectively. The appearance of the pipe in K and M1 areas were corrosion and undersaturated with CaCO3 (needs to be re-written). 10. The RSI value was between 7.0 and 7.5 showing potential corrosion and prioritizes replacement of the pipe. 11. The DO value has a correlation with the reverse in Fe and Fe3+ concentrations. 12. High oxidation conditions and elevated Fe3+ concentrations of exist inside the corrosion scales of the corroded water distribution pipes. 13. The Fe concentrations in the samples collected in various administrative areas exceed the TEPA drinking water standards. 14. The appearance of CCL distribution system of shows severe corrosive and oxidized conditions. The last part of this study concentrated on evaluating the association between trihalomethanes (THMs) exposure through three different pathways and long-term health risks. The results show that the consumer has a higher risk of cancer through Inhalation route. This is different from the results reported by other research. Because most residents living in Taiwan are accustomed to drinking boiled water, the lifetime cancer risks through oral ingestion of water-borne CHBrCl2, and CHBr2Cl in tap water in all 9 districts were higher than 10-6. By oral ingestion the lifetime cancer risk for total THMs was highest in the 7th district, while the lowest lifetime cancer risk for total THMs was in the 4th district. Chloroform poses a higher cancer risk to Kaohsiung City residents through dermal exposure than the other three THMs. This study showed that residents in 7th district had the highest cancer risk through inhalation of chloroform among the 9 districts, and the residents in 6th district had the least cancer risk. Residents in 7th district has the highest risk of cancer due to exposure of THMs during showering and bathing as compared with residents in 4th district Males have a higher cancer risk than females through dermal absorption when exposed to THMs. The results of noncarcinogenic risk assessment for THMs indicate that if the main pathways are through oral ingestion and dermal absorption, 7th district has the highest hazard index of the four chemicals, while 4th district has the lowest hazard index. According to the above results, the quality of drinking water in Kaohsiung City is in general in accordance with the guidelines for drinking water quality as recommended by the World Health Organization. A better drinking water quality can be achieved by reducing the quantity of disinfection by-products (DBPs) through the removal of DBP precursors using modified treatment practices. Coagulation, granular activated carbon, membranes and ozone-biofiltration can all remove natural organic matter. Additionally, source water protection and control are effective non-treatment alternatives to control water-borne precursors. Optimized applications of disinfectants as primary and secondary disinfectants can further be implemented to control DBPs. Although research efforts continue to develop new treatment methods that will reduce the levels of DBPs during disinfection, it is generally accepted that risks to health caused by water-borne DBPs in drinking water are relative small in comparison with risks associated with water-borne diseases due to inadequate disinfection. Thus, it is important that the disinfection process should not be compromised in attempting to control water borne DBPs. The predominant DBPs group has been shown to be THMs, with chloroform and BDCM as the most dominant THMs. Although THMs are only one subgroup of the many DBPs formed during chlorination, they are useful as indicators of the overall DBP formation. It is concluded that, given the current state of knowledge, a risk assessment based on THMs would provide the greatest level of confidence regarding the ability of a drinking water guideline to protect against risks of cancer and other long-term health hazards. In conclusion, in order to reduce the cancer risk and hazard as indexed by THM concentrations in the drinking water, some methods could be used including controlling to reduce THMs precursors and microbial contaminants in raw water, and aged pipeline, optimizing all treatment processes to ensure that concentrations of disinfectant are adequate, using alternative disinfectants and reducing water age in distribution system. The potential human risks associated with drinking water disinfection are largely unknown, even though some information is available from toxicological and epidemiological studies. More research is needed to determine the risks associated with DBPs. The next progress will facilitate a more realistic assessment of risk due to drinking water contaminants without increasing the levels of uncertainty in risk estimates.

In this thesis, risk management methods are investigated in order to integrate risk management practices into the Turkish Aerospace industry. The research presents the sequence of risk management processes as identification of risk, analysis of risk, risk planning etc. Risk analysis methods named as Risk Ranking and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) are investigated in order to improve reliability and safety of the systems or processes in the aerospace industry. The main aim of using risk ranking and AHP together is to translate the knowledge in the Turkish Aviation Industry to a tangible form with a quantitative approach and to prepare a basis for probabilistic risk analysis. Instrument Landing System (ILS) has been considered only in order to facilitate a demonstration how risk management can be done in this context. This study investigates and seeks to create awareness for risk management practices within Turkish Aviation industry.

As competition in the business environment increases, knowledge management becomes a critical success factor. Firms should be able to gather, analyze and reuse knowledge to support their strategic decisions. Construction firms should also analyze information in hand (completed and on going project data) and make it a part of their learning mechanism. Post-project appraisal is an organizational learning mechanism aiming to form an organizational memory. Organizational memory is a remedy for organizational amnesia, which is a very common problem in the construction industry due to the project-specific nature of the industry and lack of systematic ways to manage knowledge. Particularly, information about risks and their consequences is an important piece of knowledge that the firms should refer to in the forthcoming projects in order not to do the same mistakes. v Risk management comprises of risk identification, analysis and formulation of risk response strategy to maintain an optimum risk-return structure in a project. It is agreed upon by many researchers that, although risk management is accepted as one of the critical success factors for construction projects, project participants generally do not have sufficient knowledge pertinent to risk management concept and the number of tools which facilitate the risk management process is rather low. Typically, companies carry out a risk assessment exercise at the start of a project and the obtained risk ratings are used to determine contingency. However, after the project is over, a final assessment is not usually carried out. The main idea in this study is that, in order to improve the risk assessment process in forthcoming projects, risk assessment should be a part of post-project appraisal. Risk events that actually happened may be classified according to their sources and impacts (monetary/nonmonetary) as well as the effectiveness of utilized response strategies. Consequently, companies may learn from what had happened in previous projects and prepare more realistic risk management plans in the future. The major objective of this thesis is to develop a project risk management information model for risk assessment using historical data in order to improve risk assessment process in forthcoming projects. The framework is modeled to ensure information continuity throughout the project life cycle by storing and reusing project information that resides in risk event databases. The applicability of the developed database system is tested on a real construction project and potential benefits are discussed.

This thesis offers a comprehensive risk assessment methodology that provides a decision support tool, directed for Turkish construction organizations, which can be utilized through the bidding decisions for international construction projects. Within this context the analytic network process technique is implemented to develop a risk assessment model, which is used to derive the relative priorities of the risk factors associated with international construction projects. The findings of the risk assessment model have demonstrated that the most significant sources of risk are vagueness of contract conditions about risk allocation, client, and immaturity of legal system in the host country. Factors such as low % of advance payment, geographical distance, and bribery were found to be relatively insignificant. An international construction project risk rating software application is then developed. The application incorporates the derived priorities from the risk assessment model to calculate a risk rating for a given international construction project. To increase the credibility of the results a risk rating adjustment methodology was integrated into the application. Its purpose is to count for the potential influencing factors that may increase the risk level of a given project. The influencing factors which were considered are the company&rsquo / s experience, contract type, level of the available project data from the outset, and project delivery system. The application is also structured to enhance the organizational learning practices. It improves the process of the organizational memory formation with respect to postproject risk data by developing a database of risk information of the rated projects for future references. The reliability of the application was tested with post-projects risk data and was found to be satisfactory.

OHSAS 18000 Occupational Health and Safety Assessment System Series have a special importance to mining. OHSAS standardization aims to provide secure, more tranquil and healthier working space to the employees by means of establishing an assessment system. As mining activities are generally carried out in high risk environments, OHSAS has been improved and has increased its importance for mining in the world. In this study, Bigadi&ccedil / Boron Work is taken as a case for the application of OHSAS 18001. Theoretical information about OHSAS and risk assessment is provided, and some exemplifying mines that implemented this standard are given to illustrate their benefits. All possible hazard sources are identified and a &ldquo / Hazard Source Inventory&rdquo / is proposed. Together with this hazard source inventory, a risk assessment method is developed for Bigadi&ccedil / Boron Work. Several tasks are evaluated according to this proposed form. In order to define policy, principles and structure of Occupational Health and Safety Assessment System, an &ldquo / OHSA Manual&rdquo / is prepared. Several sets of standard forms were prepared and recommended for Bigadi&ccedil / Boron Work. Consistency throughout the organization was established by means of these created standard documents, procedures and forms. Proposed Job Safety Analysis form can be used to identify, analyze and record the steps involved in performing a specific task, and the existing or potential safety and health hazards associated with each step. Several safe job procedures were also prepared with the help of the risk assessment process. In addition to this, an &ldquo / Emergency Plan&rdquo / is proposed for enterprise to prevent loss of life, property and information, and provide safety in case of any emergency or natural disaster. An &ldquo / OHS Audit Instrument&rdquo / is suggested for the Bigadi&ccedil / Boron Work that will play a key role for continuous improvement of the system. Audits are integral part of OHSAS in order to identify hazards, improve health and safety conditions, and check compliance with regulations. These studies also show that there are some problems in the implementation of the system. The main problem is ineffective data recording and keeping. Lack of consciousness of employees and low commitment of top management constitute another important difficulty. Although these problems are commonly encountered in practice, applying OHSAS 18000 standard is still worthwhile method of improving work environment.

Soil quality standards (SQSs) are one of the most important elements of management system for contaminated sites. In order to manage risks associated with soil contamination, risk based SQSs are used worldwide. However, in Turkey, the Soil Pollution Control Regulation in force was focusing mainly on the use of stabilized sludge on soil and was including standards for a limited number of parameters, mainly metals and some organic chemicals. Thus, existing SQSs were far away from providing common criteria for assessment of the soil quality. In this study, the aim was to develop human health risk based SQSs for Turkey. For derivation of risk based SQSs, the conceptual framework and technical infrastructure were established. SQSs were derived for 151 chemical substances and for three different land use types by incorporating generic site characteristics for Turkey. Since SQSs are highly sensitive to site conditions and chemical-specific data used in calculations, a Microsoft Excel based exposure model was developed as a technical tool. This tool serves for calculation of generic and site-specific SQSs and maintenance of the currency of the standards by allowing periodic update of data used in calculations. Besides, a hydrogeologic database was developed to provide information on the general soil and hydrogeologic characteristics that are used in derivation of SQSs. This database is ultimately, expected to serve for development of conceptual site models, sampling strategies, and derivation of dilution factors during risk assessment studies. As a result, this study presents a general perspective and approach for derivation of human health risk based SQSs. It is believed that the developed conceptual and technical infrastructure will contribute to contaminated site management and risk assessment studies conducted by the regulatory authorities and the other stakeholders in Turkey.