Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:41:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DanielFFM.pdf: 3703835 bytes, checksum: 532a08fb9b9e6564932b410f8de97cef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / This study aims to determine the amount of nutrients and toxic elements in aquatic macrophytes of species Eichhornia crassipes present in River Apodi/Mossor? - RN and check some of the possibilities of using the biomass produced, based on the influence of space - temporal and physiological absorption of nutrients by plants. For this, was determined: Leaf area, Leaf wet mass, Leaf dry mass, Real humidity, Apparent humidity, Ash, Total nitrogen, Crude protein, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Total phosphorus, Sodium, Iron, Copper, Manganese, Zinc, Nickel, Cobalt, Aluminum, Cadmium, Lead and Total chromium at different times, 2 sampling points and 2 parts of plants (leaves and roots). The results show that the levels of nutrients, protein and toxic elements present in plant tissue of Eichhornia crassipes are influenced by spatial, temporal and physiological variability. In general, because the maximum values in the dry matter for total nitrogen (4.4088 g/100g), crude protein (27.5549 g/100g), total phosphorus (0.642 g/100 g), calcium (1.444 g/100g), magnesium (0.732 g/100 g), potassium (7.51 g/100 g), copper (4.4279 mg/100g), manganese (322.668 mg/100g), sodium (1.39 g/100g), iron (194.169 mg/100g) and zinc (3.5836 mg/100g), there was the possibility of using biomass of Eichhornia crassipes for various purposes such as in food animal, products production for human consumption, organic fertilizers, fabrication of brick low cost, and crafts. For all these applications requires a control of the levels of substances in plant tissue. Based on the levels of nutrients and crude protein, the younger plants (0 Month) would be best to have their biomass used. Moreover, one factor that contributes to the use of larger plants (6 Months), the levels of toxic elements which have significantly small or below the detection limit. Therefore, further studies quantifying the biomass produced/m2 at 0 and 6 months are needed for a more correct choice for the best time of harvest / Este trabalho tem como objetivo determinar a quantidade de nutrientes e elementos t?xicos em macr?fitas aqu?ticas da esp?cie Eichhornia crassipes presentes no Rio Apodi/Mossor? - RN e verificar possibilidades vi?veis do uso da biomassa produzida, tomando como base a influ?ncia espa?o-temporal e fisiol?gica na absor??o dos nutrientes pelas plantas. Para isto, determinou-se a: ?rea foliar, Massa foliar ?mida, Massa foliar seca, Umidade real, Umidade aparente, Cinzas, Nitrog?nio total, Prote?na bruta, C?lcio, Magn?sio, Pot?ssio, F?sforo total, S?dio, Ferro, Cobre, Mangan?s, Zinco, N?quel, Cobalto, Alum?nio, C?dmio, Chumbo e Cromo total em diferentes ?pocas, 2 pontos de colheita e 2 partes das plantas (folhas e raizes). Os resultados obtidos mostram que os n?veis de nutrientes, prote?na bruta e elementos t?xicos presentes no tecido vegetal da Eichhornia crassipes s?o influenciados pela variabilidade espacial, temporal e fisiol?gica. De forma geral, em virtude dos valores m?ximos obtidos na mat?ria seca para nitrog?nio total (4,4088 g/100g), prote?na bruta (27,5549 g/100g), f?sforo total (0,642 g/100g), c?lcio (1,444 g/100g), magn?sio (0,732 g/100g), pot?ssio (7,51 g/100g), cobre (4,4279 mg/100g), mangan?s (322,668 mg/100g), s?dio (1,39 g/100g), ferro (194,169 mg/100g), e zinco (3,5836 mg/100g), constatou-se a possibilidade de utiliza??o da biomassa da Eichhornia crassipes para diversos fins como, na alimenta??o animal, produ??o de derivados destinados ? alimenta??o humana, fertilizantes org?nicos, fabrica??o de tijolos de baixo custo, e pe?as artesanais. Para todas estas aplica??es ? necess?rio um controle cont?nuo dos n?veis dessas subst?ncias no tecido vegetal. Tomando como base os n?veis de nutrientes e prote?na bruta, as plantas mais jovens (0 M?s) seriam as mais indicadas para terem a sua biomassa utilizada. Por outro lado, um fator que contribui para a utiliza??o das plantas maiores (6 meses), s?o os n?veis de elementos t?xicos que se apresentam significativamente pequenos ou abaixo do limite de detec??o. Portanto, estudos posteriores quantificando a biomassa produzida/m2 em 0 e 6 meses s?o necess?rios para uma escolha mais correta em rela??o ? melhor ?poca de colheita

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DanielFFM_TESE.pdf: 2565491 bytes, checksum: 91650e117d4deece934978a16f9a23d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / This study aimed to analyze the phytoremediation potential of Eichhornia crassipes in natural environments, optimize the extraction process of crude protein from plant tissue and, obtain and characterize this process in order to determine its viability of use instead of the protein sources of animal and/or human feed. For this, it has been determined in Apodi/Mossor? river water the concentration of ammonium ions, nitrite, nitrate, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, copper, manganese, zinc, nickel, cobalt, sodium, aluminum, c?dmium, lead, and total chromium; It was determined in plant tissue of aquatic macrophytes of Eichhornia crassipes species present in Apodi/Mossor? River the moisture content, ash, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, copper, manganese, zinc, nickel, cobalt, sodium, aluminum, cadmium, lead, total chromium, total nitrogen and crude protein. It was also determined the translocation factor and bioaccumulation of all the quantified elements; It was developed and optimized the extraction procedure of crude protein based on the isoelectric method and a factorial design 24 with repetition; It was extracted and characterized the extract obtained by determining the moisture content, ash, magnesium, potassium, iron, copper, manganese, zinc, nickel, cobalt, sodium, cadmium, total nitrogen and crude protein. And finally, it was also characterized the protein extract using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG), Derived Thermogravimetric (DTG), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and jelly-like electrophoresis of polyacrylamide (SDS -PAGE) to assess the their molecular weights/mass. Thus, from the results obtained for the translocation and bioaccumulation factors was found that the same can be used as phytoremediation agent in natural environments of all quantified elements. It was also found that the developed method of extraction and protein precipitation was satisfactory for the purpose of the work, which gave the best conditions of extraction and precipitation of proteins as: pH extraction equal to 13.0, extraction temperature equals 60 ? C, reaction time equals to 30 minutes, and pH precipitation equals to 4.0. As for the extract obtained, the total nitrogen and crude protein were quantified higher than those found in the plant, increasing the crude protein content approximately 116.88% in relation to the quantified contente in the vegetal tissue of macrophyte. The levels of nickel and cadmium were the unique that were found below the detection limit of used the equipment. The electrophoretic analysis allowed us to observe that the protein extract obtained is composed of low polypeptide chains by the molecular and phytochelatins, with 6 and 15 kDa bands. Analysis of TG, DTG, DSC and FT-IR showed similarities in protein content of the obtained extracts based on different collection points and 9 parts of the plant under study, as well as commercial soy protein and casein. Finally, based on all these findings, it was concluded that the obtained extract in this work can be used instead of the protein sources of animal feed should, before that, test its digestibility. As human supplementation, it is necessary to conduct more tests associated with the optimization process in the sense of removing undesirable components and constant monitoring of the water body and the raw material used / Este trabalho analisou o potencial fitorremediador da Eichhornia crassipes em ambientes naturais, otimizou o processo de extra??o da prote?na bruta do tecido vegetal e obteve e caracterizou a mesma, determinando sua viabilidade de uso em substitui??o as fontes prot?icas de ra??es animais e/ou humana. Para isso, determinou-se na ?gua do Rio Apodi/Mossor? a concentra??o de ?ons am?nio, nitrito, nitrato, c?lcio, magn?sio, pot?ssio, ferro, cobre, mangan?s, zinco, n?quel, cobalto, s?dio, alum?nio, c?dmio, chumbo e cromo total; Determinou-se no tecido vegetal das macr?fitas aqu?ticas da esp?cie Eichhornia crassipes presentes no Rio Apodi/Mossor? o teor de umidade, cinzas, nitrog?nio total e prote?na bruta e os mesmos metais determinados na ?gua. Calculou-se o fator de transloca??o e bioacumula??o de todos os elementos quantificados; Desenvolveu-se e otimizou-se o procedimento de extra??o da prote?na bruta utilizando como base o m?todo isoel?trico e um planejamento fatorial 24 com repeti??o; Extraiu-se e caracterizou-se o extrato obtido atrav?s da determina??o o teor de umidade, cinzas, nitrog?nio total e prote?na bruta e os mesmos metais determinados na ?gua. E, por fim, caracterizou-se tamb?m o extrato proteico utilizando An?lise Termogravim?trica (TG), Termogravimetria derivada (DTG), Calorimetria Explorat?ria Diferencial (DSC), Espectroscopia de Infravermelho (FT-IR) e Eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE) para avaliar as suas massas molares. Desta forma, a partir dos resultados obtidos para os fatores de transloca??o e bioacumula??o constatou-se que a mesma pode ser utilizada como agente fitorremediador em ambientes naturais de todos os elementos quantificados. Constatou-se ainda que o m?todo desenvolvido de extra??o e precipita??o de prote?nas foi satisfat?rio para o objetivo do trabalho, onde obteve-se as melhores condi??es de extra??o e precipita??o das prote?nas como sendo: pH de extra??o igual a 13,0; temperatura de extra??o igual a 60?C; tempo de rea??o igual a 30 minutos; e pH de precipita??o igual a 4,0. Quanto ao extrato obtido, os teores de nitrog?nio total e prote?na bruta quantificados foram superiores aos encontrados na planta, chegando a aumentar o teor de prote?na bruta cerca de 116,88% em rela??o ao teor quantificado no tecido vegetal da macr?fita. Os teores de n?quel e o c?dmio foram os ?nicos que se apresentaram abaixo do limite de detec??o do equipamento utilizado. A an?lise eletrofor?tica permitiu observar que o extrato proteico obtido ? constitu?do de cadeias polipept?dicas de baixo peso molecular e fitoquelatinas, com bandas de 6 e 15 kDa. As an?lises de TG, DTG, DSC e FT-IR permitiram constatar semelhan?as existentes no conte?do proteico dos extratos obtidos a partir de diferentes pontos de coleta e partes da planta em estudo, bem como da prote?na de soja 7 comercial e da case?na. Por fim, com base em todas essas constata??es, conclui-se que o extrato obtido no presente trabalho pode ser utilizado em substitui??o ?s fontes proteicas de ra??es animais devendo, antes disso, ser testado a sua digestibilidade. Quanto a suplementa??o humana, ? preciso a realiza??o de mais testes associados a otimiza??o do processo no sentido de remo??o dos componentes indesej?veis e constante monitoramento do corpo h?drico e da mat?ria-prima utilizada