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Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / It is generally accepted that tree roots can reinforce soil and improve the stability of vegetated slopes. Tree root reinforcement is also recognised in riverbanks although the contribution that the roots make to bank stability has rarely been assessed due to the reluctance of geomorphologists to examine riverbank stability by geomechanical methods that allow for the inclusion of quantified biotechnical parameters. This study investigates the interaction between alluvial soil and the roots of four southeastern Australian riparian trees. It quantifies the amount and distribution of root reinforcement present beneath typically vegetated riverbanks of the upper Nepean River, New South Wales, and examines the effect of the reinforcement on the stability of these banks. The ability of a tree to reinforce the soil is limited by the spatial distribution of its root system and the strength that the roots impart to the soil during shear. These two parameters were determined for the following four species of native riparian tree: Casuarina glauca, Eucalyptus amplifolia, Eucalyptus elata, and Acacia floribunda. The four species all exhibit a progressive reduction in the quantity of root material both with increasing depth and with increasing lateral distance from the tree stem. In the vertical direction there are two distinct zones that can be described. The first occurs from between 0 and approximately 15 % of the maximum vertical depth and consists of approximately 80 % of the total root material quantity. In this zone the root system consists of both vertical and lateral roots, the size and density of which varies between species. The second zone occurs below approximately 15 % of the maximum vertical depth and consists primarily of vertical roots. The quantity of root material in this zone decreases exponentially with depth due to the taper of individual roots. The earth reinforcement potential in terms of both geometric extent and the quantity of root material expressed as the Root Area Ratio (RAR) varies significantly from species to species. E. elata exhibited the highest values of RAR in soil zones beneath it while E. amplifolia reinforced a greater volume of soil than any of the other species examined. The increased shear resistance (Sr) of alluvial soil containing roots was measured by direct in-situ shear tests on soil blocks beneath a plantation. For three of the species (C. glauca, E. amplifolia, E. elata) Sr increased with increasing RAR measured at the shear plane, in a similar linear relationship. The shear resistance provided by A. floribunda roots also increased with increasing RAR at the shear plane but at a much greater rate than for the other three species. This is attributable to A. floribunda’s greater root tensile strength and therefore pull-out resistance, as well as its smaller root diameters at comparative RARs which resulted in a greater proportion of roots reaching full tensile strength within the confines of the test. Tree roots fail progressively in this system. Therefore determining the increased shear strength from the sum of the pull-out or tensile strengths of all individual roots and Waldron’s (1977) and Wu et al’s (1979) simple root model, would result in substantial over estimates of the overall strength of the soil-root system. The average difference between Sr calculated in this manner and that measured from direct in-situ shear tests is 10.9 kPa for C. glauca, 19.0 kPa for E. amplifolia, 19.3 kPa for E. elata, and 8.8 kPa for A. floribunda. A riverbank stability analysis incorporating the root reinforcement effect was conducted using a predictive model of the spatial distribution of root reinforcement beneath riparian trees within the study area. The model is based on measurements of juveniles and observations of the rooting habits of mature trees. It indicates that while the presence of vegetation on riverbank profiles has the potential to increase stability by up to 105 %, the relative increase depends heavily on the actual vegetation type, density, and location on the bank profile. Of the species examined in this study the greatest potential for improved riverbank stability is provided by E. amplifolia, followed by E. elata, A. floribunda, and C. glauca. The presence of trees on banks of the Nepean River has the potential to raise the critical factor of safety (FoS) from a value that is very unstable (0.85) to significantly above 1.00 even when the banks are completely saturated and subject to rapid draw-down. It is likely then that the period of intense bank instability observed within this environment between 1947 and 1992 would not have taken place had the riparian vegetation not been cleared prior to the onset of wetter climatic conditions. Typical ‘present-day’ profiles are critically to marginally stable. The introduction of vegetation could improve stability by raising the FoS up to 1.68 however the selection of revegetation species is crucial. With the placement of a large growing Eucalypt at a suitable spacing (around 3-5 m) the choice of smaller understorey trees and shrubs is less important. The effect of riparian vegetation on bank stability has important implications for channel morphological change. This study quantifies the mechanical earth reinforcing effect of some native riparian trees, thus allowing for improved deterministic assessment of historical channel change and an improved basis for future riverine management.

Wetland park is developed and beginning revitalized in the field of the park and green land, there are more and more trends particularly to apply to the coastal area of the west of our country, seeing that the expectation that the land uses is ardent , a lot of planning units and undertook business are beginning to be exposed to such a new park concept gradually, But to originally storing in the production of the economic worth and activity in the wetland is not clear and bright, so that the deviation promptly in the initial stage of planning , and the collection of the environment data does not really perfect, soon careless entry the detail design, or construct directly. How to take the rational planning procedure and overall self-criticism of wetland under the situation of different in unit's technological quality of planning, it is undoubtedly a topic that is worth studying! The planning way and quality of the wetland park in Taiwan are different, and the goal is inconsistent, the local government organization and planning units play important roles on wetland park decision making, and often have great influence in the final planning achievement. However, whether members of the leading wetland park project have a professional background or master in the relevant field? For wetland ecology, planning and design, land suitable are analysis, even is people's demand considered? And how to operate integrated land planning and management, I'm afraid that also remains to be discussed. So, with the collection of the wetland park cases, and find out about the characteristic of the domestic wetland environment, including the natural and humane condition discussion, and preliminary draw up a set of planning factors of wetlands park, it is eight module groups altogether, to go deep into the environmental topic , ecological spatial distribution, research of planning methods, the investigation of historical changes, self-criticism of the application aspect, tools using, theory and in the understanding of community participation, in order to adjust the direction of wetland park planning further , let the wetland park have rationality even more. The planning module groups of the wetland park is probing into how rational the planning content of wetland park, This text takes river bank park of area in Xingren of Chia-yi city as an example, use overlap analysis and module groups to probe into the rationality of its planning content, finally put forward the integrated management strategies for the reference in the follow-up management operation. But does not judge the quality of the park according to that, expect that can give consideration to the human demand and bio-diversity conservation in the planning of the wetland park in the future.

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / It is generally accepted that tree roots can reinforce soil and improve the stability of vegetated slopes. Tree root reinforcement is also recognised in riverbanks although the contribution that the roots make to bank stability has rarely been assessed due to the reluctance of geomorphologists to examine riverbank stability by geomechanical methods that allow for the inclusion of quantified biotechnical parameters. This study investigates the interaction between alluvial soil and the roots of four southeastern Australian riparian trees. It quantifies the amount and distribution of root reinforcement present beneath typically vegetated riverbanks of the upper Nepean River, New South Wales, and examines the effect of the reinforcement on the stability of these banks. The ability of a tree to reinforce the soil is limited by the spatial distribution of its root system and the strength that the roots impart to the soil during shear. These two parameters were determined for the following four species of native riparian tree: Casuarina glauca, Eucalyptus amplifolia, Eucalyptus elata, and Acacia floribunda. The four species all exhibit a progressive reduction in the quantity of root material both with increasing depth and with increasing lateral distance from the tree stem. In the vertical direction there are two distinct zones that can be described. The first occurs from between 0 and approximately 15 % of the maximum vertical depth and consists of approximately 80 % of the total root material quantity. In this zone the root system consists of both vertical and lateral roots, the size and density of which varies between species. The second zone occurs below approximately 15 % of the maximum vertical depth and consists primarily of vertical roots. The quantity of root material in this zone decreases exponentially with depth due to the taper of individual roots. The earth reinforcement potential in terms of both geometric extent and the quantity of root material expressed as the Root Area Ratio (RAR) varies significantly from species to species. E. elata exhibited the highest values of RAR in soil zones beneath it while E. amplifolia reinforced a greater volume of soil than any of the other species examined. The increased shear resistance (Sr) of alluvial soil containing roots was measured by direct in-situ shear tests on soil blocks beneath a plantation. For three of the species (C. glauca, E. amplifolia, E. elata) Sr increased with increasing RAR measured at the shear plane, in a similar linear relationship. The shear resistance provided by A. floribunda roots also increased with increasing RAR at the shear plane but at a much greater rate than for the other three species. This is attributable to A. floribunda’s greater root tensile strength and therefore pull-out resistance, as well as its smaller root diameters at comparative RARs which resulted in a greater proportion of roots reaching full tensile strength within the confines of the test. Tree roots fail progressively in this system. Therefore determining the increased shear strength from the sum of the pull-out or tensile strengths of all individual roots and Waldron’s (1977) and Wu et al’s (1979) simple root model, would result in substantial over estimates of the overall strength of the soil-root system. The average difference between Sr calculated in this manner and that measured from direct in-situ shear tests is 10.9 kPa for C. glauca, 19.0 kPa for E. amplifolia, 19.3 kPa for E. elata, and 8.8 kPa for A. floribunda. A riverbank stability analysis incorporating the root reinforcement effect was conducted using a predictive model of the spatial distribution of root reinforcement beneath riparian trees within the study area. The model is based on measurements of juveniles and observations of the rooting habits of mature trees. It indicates that while the presence of vegetation on riverbank profiles has the potential to increase stability by up to 105 %, the relative increase depends heavily on the actual vegetation type, density, and location on the bank profile. Of the species examined in this study the greatest potential for improved riverbank stability is provided by E. amplifolia, followed by E. elata, A. floribunda, and C. glauca. The presence of trees on banks of the Nepean River has the potential to raise the critical factor of safety (FoS) from a value that is very unstable (0.85) to significantly above 1.00 even when the banks are completely saturated and subject to rapid draw-down. It is likely then that the period of intense bank instability observed within this environment between 1947 and 1992 would not have taken place had the riparian vegetation not been cleared prior to the onset of wetter climatic conditions. Typical ‘present-day’ profiles are critically to marginally stable. The introduction of vegetation could improve stability by raising the FoS up to 1.68 however the selection of revegetation species is crucial. With the placement of a large growing Eucalypt at a suitable spacing (around 3-5 m) the choice of smaller understorey trees and shrubs is less important. The effect of riparian vegetation on bank stability has important implications for channel morphological change. This study quantifies the mechanical earth reinforcing effect of some native riparian trees, thus allowing for improved deterministic assessment of historical channel change and an improved basis for future riverine management.

<p>Osnovni cilj istraživanja u okviru doktorske disertacije je definisanje<br />kriterijuma na osnovu optimizacije usvojenog stepena sorbiranja i<br />degradacije za modele transporta farmaceutika u aluvijalnim podzemnim<br />vodama, koji služe kao polazna osnova za postavke budućih izvori&scaron;ta<br />podzemne vode. Dobijeni su novi podaci i informacije koje će se koristiti za<br />procenu pona&scaron;anja farmaceutika, kao i za projektovanje i optimizaciju novih<br />sistema za efikasnu za&scaron;titu i upravljanje podzemnim vodama. Potpuno novi<br />rezultati se odnose na određivanje stepena eliminacije farmaceutika tokom<br />primene metode rečne obalske filtracije, kao i teorijsko i eksperimentalno<br />poređenje realnih podataka o stepenu sorbiranja i razgradnje farmaceutika.</p> / <p>The main goal of dissertation is to define new criteria based on the<br />optimization of applied sorption and degradation degree for groundwater<br />pharmaceuticals transport model, which serve as a basis for development<br />and design of the future drinking water facilities. New data and information&rsquo;s<br />are obtained and can be used for assessment of pharmaceutical behavior in<br />alluvial groundwater and for design of new and innovative systems for more<br />efficient protection and groundwater management. Novel results are referred<br />on the determination of the pharmaceuticals elimination during river bank<br />filtration and on the theoretical and experimental comparison of real data for<br />the sorption and degradation capacity of selected pharmaceuticals.</p>

The semiaquatic mammals - amongst them the beaver Castor fiber - are inhabitants of the land-water-ecotone, which is characterized by length and low depth.Due to specific adaptations to their habitats, semiaquatic mammals are highly dependent on the specific structures and resources of the ecotone riverbank. Anthropogenic influences on the ecotone riverbank often cause destruction of the resources that leads to a decrease of structural diversity.Being a primary consumer, the beaver mainly uses the water as a medium for locomotion and escape. The equipment of the riverbank, mainly the bankside vegetation, is of great importance concerning foraging. The presence and the quantity of certain biofacts like feeding or cutting places and scent mounds give a hint on the value of different structures and resources of the bankside with regard to certain modes of behaviour. They also give information on different qualities of the used and unused parts of the bankside.Biofacts of beaver-activity were recorded along 20 km of riverbank during a five-year-period. The results of the statistical analysis show that beavers - concerning species-specific mode of behaviour - prefer certain riverbank structures. Biofacts and near-natural structures such as steep bank, riparian forest and willows correlate significantly positive whereas biofacts and anthropogenic structures as slope, farmland or absence of woody plants show significantly negative correlation. There is a strong connection between the number of biofacts - that is use of the riverbank or slope - and structural diversity. Based on these results, an eco-ethological model has been developed which makes it possible to predict behaviour in dependence on the specific structures and resources of the banks and slopes of anthropogenic influenced streams.

The goal of this thesis is a design of a public library in the historical part of the city of Přerov. The locality that’s beeing solved, so called Na Marku, is situated at the point where the three important pedestrian routes meet on the bank of the Bečva river. Attractivness of the place is well increased by the nearness of both the main squares, the river and the unique well-preserved underpass used in the past by the brewery. Every landscape, every city and place have their own memory. The locality „Na Marku“ is packed with memories that run back to the first settlements on the river bank, the construction of the city walls, and up to the recent reconstruction of the Tyrš bridge. Throughout the history the place was formed by the local inhabitans and their varoius activities. Those gave origin to historical and spatial layers that overlay and complement each other and have – in Přerov, as well as anywhere in the world – a huge influence on one’s identification with a familiar place. This is where the church used to be. This is the path that leads down to the river. This is where the lime-tree blossoms fall down like snow in summer. In my thesis I aim for truly understanding the “genius loci” and designing a building that would bring a new sense of life to this weary but memorable locality.

Magistro studijų baigiamajame darbe projektuojamas scenos menų centras Kaune, senamiesčio prieigose, Neries upės pakrantėje. Darbe surinkta ir išanalizuota medžiaga, susijusi su teatrų, scenos menų centrų ir kompleksų projektavimo ypatumais, jų koncepcijomis ir įgyvendinimo rezultatais. Atlikta vietos sąlygų analizė, sukurti konceptualiai skirtingi eskiziniai projekto variantai, parengtas scenos menų centro projektas. Projektuojamas objektas dominuoja krantinės išklotinėje, tampa akcentu žyminčiu miesto centro pradžią. Pagrindinė pastato scena sudaro branduolį, kuris sujungia įprastinį prabangaus, iškilmingo teatro modelį su eksperimentinio, besikeičiančio teatro tipu, leisdamas kurti ryšius tarp atlikėjų ir žiūrovų visomis kryptimis. Pakrantėje suprojektuota viešoji erdvė - didelė atvira platforma - amfiteatras. Baigiamąjį darbą sudaro: įvadas, analitinė dalis, projektinė dalis, bendrosios išvados. Pateikiami du maketai ir grafinė medžiaga planšetuose. / The final project of master studies is the design of performing arts centre on the bank of river Neris, close to old-town of Kaunas. Specific features and concepts of performing arts centers design and their realization is being analyzed. After site analysis conceptually different variations are created and the final project of performing arts centre is designed. Designed object is a landmark on the bank of the river and marks the entrance to the city centre. The main stage volume works as a core and combines the model of classical exclusive theater with experimental theater allowing to create different connections between audience and performers. A public space - big platform amphitheater is designed on the bank of the river. The final work consists of preface, analytic part, project part, conclusion. Two scaled models of the building and graphic material are also presented.

No description available.