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1	Raz and His Critics: A Defense of Razian Authority Craig, Jason Thomas 15 April 2009 (has links) Joseph Raz has developed a concept of authority based on the special relationship between reasons and action. While the view is very complex and subtle, it can be summed up by saying that authorities are authorities insofar as they can mediate between the reasons that happen to bind their subjects and the subjects’ actions. Authorities do this by providing special reasons via directives to their subjects. These special reasons are what Raz calls “protected reasons.” Protected reasons are both first-order reasons for action and second-order “exclusionary reasons” that exclude the subject from considering some reasons in the balance of reasons for or against any action. I first make clear what Raz’s view of authority is, and I then defend this view from some contemporary critics. political legitimacy the duty to obey the law Stephen Perry Scott Shapiro Robert Ladenson practial reasoning exclusionary reasons political obligations philosophical anarchism Joseph Raz political philosophy philosophy of law authority Philosophy