Spatial heterogeneity of the environment, as measured by floral diversity, composition and structure, is known to influence the distribution and diversity of invertebrates. Heterogeneity brought about by anthropogenic disturbance may be a threat to invertebrate diversity. This thesis investigates the impacts of vegetation heterogeneity at a range of scales on the diversity of invertebrate populations in modified high-altitude indigenous grasslands on the Rock and Pillar Range, Central Otago. Invertebrates were sampled in and on the edges of snow tussock fragments to assess whether species richness increased systematically with fragment area. Invertebrate composition was poorly related to fragment area, plant composition and environmental variables. Taxon richness, abundance and/or diversity for three invertebrate groups increased as fragment area decreased, perhaps reflecting an influx of species from the surrounding matrix. For snow tussock leaf invertebrates in autumn, richness and abundance were at least two times lower in tussocks exposed to the wind than those in the centre of fragments, suggesting selection of habitat may be based on microclimatic characteristics. Invertebrates were sampled from the bases of tussocks after they were clipped to simulate three levels of vertebrate grazing. Invertebrate community composition differed between sites and sampling dates but was unaffected by clipping treatment. At the higher altitude site invertebrate abundance was 1.45 times greater and Shannon-Wiener diversity (H�) 1.22 times lower than at the lower altitude site. The latter sampling date had higher abundance (2.12 times) and taxon richness (1.14 times) than the earlier date. Pitfall-trapped invertebrates in cushionfield, herbfield and snow tussock differed in community composition and often by taxon richness, abundance and diversity. Across habitats, plant composition, plant diversity and some environmental variables were correlated with invertebrate variables, but could not be separated from vegetation type. The invertebrates collected in the course of the study are listed. Four Phyla, eight Classes, 24 orders and over 300 taxa were recorded. Almost all taxa are endemic and many have limited distributions and/or are undescribed. A species list is provided with collection altitude, method and habitat type. Invertebrate assemblages from sites differing in altitude, vegetation type and level of habitat modification on the Rock and Pillar Range are compared. Sites differed in species composition and rank orders of abundance and richness. At lower elevations, invertebrate richness was at least 25% less, and standardised trap abundance at least 44% less, than that at the highest elevation. Richness and abundance of exotic invertebrates decreased with increasing altitude. This thesis highlights several points concerning the study of grassland invertebrates and heterogeneity on the Rock and Pillar Range. First, there are differences in invertebrate assemblages at a range of scales. Conserving invertebrate diversity will therefore require altitudinal sequences and different habitat types, including disturbed areas. At high elevations, tussock habitat may be disproportionately important due to its relative rarity. Second, the effects of disturbance on invertebrates were only visible at large spatial scales. Third, there is a paucity of research on New Zealand invertebrates, especially in regard to terrestrial disturbance, which has resulted in a shortfall of biological, distributional, taxonomic and ecological knowledge.

Spatial heterogeneity of the environment, as measured by floral diversity, composition and structure, is known to influence the distribution and diversity of invertebrates. Heterogeneity brought about by anthropogenic disturbance may be a threat to invertebrate diversity. This thesis investigates the impacts of vegetation heterogeneity at a range of scales on the diversity of invertebrate populations in modified high-altitude indigenous grasslands on the Rock and Pillar Range, Central Otago. Invertebrates were sampled in and on the edges of snow tussock fragments to assess whether species richness increased systematically with fragment area. Invertebrate composition was poorly related to fragment area, plant composition and environmental variables. Taxon richness, abundance and/or diversity for three invertebrate groups increased as fragment area decreased, perhaps reflecting an influx of species from the surrounding matrix. For snow tussock leaf invertebrates in autumn, richness and abundance were at least two times lower in tussocks exposed to the wind than those in the centre of fragments, suggesting selection of habitat may be based on microclimatic characteristics. Invertebrates were sampled from the bases of tussocks after they were clipped to simulate three levels of vertebrate grazing. Invertebrate community composition differed between sites and sampling dates but was unaffected by clipping treatment. At the higher altitude site invertebrate abundance was 1.45 times greater and Shannon-Wiener diversity (H�) 1.22 times lower than at the lower altitude site. The latter sampling date had higher abundance (2.12 times) and taxon richness (1.14 times) than the earlier date. Pitfall-trapped invertebrates in cushionfield, herbfield and snow tussock differed in community composition and often by taxon richness, abundance and diversity. Across habitats, plant composition, plant diversity and some environmental variables were correlated with invertebrate variables, but could not be separated from vegetation type. The invertebrates collected in the course of the study are listed. Four Phyla, eight Classes, 24 orders and over 300 taxa were recorded. Almost all taxa are endemic and many have limited distributions and/or are undescribed. A species list is provided with collection altitude, method and habitat type. Invertebrate assemblages from sites differing in altitude, vegetation type and level of habitat modification on the Rock and Pillar Range are compared. Sites differed in species composition and rank orders of abundance and richness. At lower elevations, invertebrate richness was at least 25% less, and standardised trap abundance at least 44% less, than that at the highest elevation. Richness and abundance of exotic invertebrates decreased with increasing altitude. This thesis highlights several points concerning the study of grassland invertebrates and heterogeneity on the Rock and Pillar Range. First, there are differences in invertebrate assemblages at a range of scales. Conserving invertebrate diversity will therefore require altitudinal sequences and different habitat types, including disturbed areas. At high elevations, tussock habitat may be disproportionately important due to its relative rarity. Second, the effects of disturbance on invertebrates were only visible at large spatial scales. Third, there is a paucity of research on New Zealand invertebrates, especially in regard to terrestrial disturbance, which has resulted in a shortfall of biological, distributional, taxonomic and ecological knowledge.