Role-based modeling has been proposed in 1977 by Charles W. Bachman, as a means to model complex and dynamic domains, because roles are able to capture both context-dependent and collaborative behavior of objects. Consequently, they were introduced in various fields of research ranging from data modeling via conceptual modeling through to programming languages. More importantly, because current software systems are characterized by increased complexity and context-dependence, there is a strong demand for new concepts beyond object-oriented design. Although mainstream modeling languages, i.e., Entity-Relationship Model, Unified Modeling Language, are good at capturing a system's structure, they lack ways to model the system's behavior, as it dynamically emerges through collaborating objects. In turn, roles are a natural concept capturing the behavior of participants in a collaboration. Moreover, roles permit the specification of interactions independent from the interacting objects. Similarly, more recent approaches use roles to capture context-dependent properties of objects. The notion of roles can help to tame the increased complexity and context-dependence. Despite all that, these years of research had almost no influence on current software development practice. To make things worse, until now there is no common understanding of roles in the research community and no approach fully incorporates both the context-dependent and the relational nature of roles. In this thesis, I will devise a formal model for a family of role-based modeling languages to capture the various notions of roles. Together with a software product line of Role Modeling Editors, this, in turn, enables the generation of a role-based language family for Role-based Software Infrastructures (RoSI).

Role-based modeling has been proposed in 1977 by Charles W. Bachman, as a means to model complex and dynamic domains, because roles are able to capture both context-dependent and collaborative behavior of objects. Consequently, they were introduced in various fields of research ranging from data modeling via conceptual modeling through to programming languages. More importantly, because current software systems are characterized by increased complexity and context-dependence, there is a strong demand for new concepts beyond object-oriented design. Although mainstream modeling languages, i.e., Entity-Relationship Model, Unified Modeling Language, are good at capturing a system's structure, they lack ways to model the system's behavior, as it dynamically emerges through collaborating objects. In turn, roles are a natural concept capturing the behavior of participants in a collaboration. Moreover, roles permit the specification of interactions independent from the interacting objects. Similarly, more recent approaches use roles to capture context-dependent properties of objects. The notion of roles can help to tame the increased complexity and context-dependence. Despite all that, these years of research had almost no influence on current software development practice. To make things worse, until now there is no common understanding of roles in the research community and no approach fully incorporates both the context-dependent and the relational nature of roles. In this thesis, I will devise a formal model for a family of role-based modeling languages to capture the various notions of roles. Together with a software product line of Role Modeling Editors, this, in turn, enables the generation of a role-based language family for Role-based Software Infrastructures (RoSI).:I Review of Contemporary Role-based Languages 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Motivation 1.3 Problem Definition 1.4 Outline 2 Nature of Roles 2.1 Running Example 2.2 Behavioral Nature 2.3 Relational Nature 2.4 Context-Dependent Nature 2.5 Constraints in Role-Based Languages 2.6 Classification of Roles 3 Systematic Literature Review 3.1 Method 3.2 Results 3.3 Discussion 4 Contemporary Role-Based Modeling Languages 4.1 Behavioral and Relational Modeling Languages 4.1.1 Lodwick 4.1.2 The Generic Role Model 4.1.3 Role-Based Metamodeling Language (RBML) 4.1.4 Role-Based Pattern Specification 4.1.5 Object-Role Modeling (ORM) 2 4.1.6 OntoUML 4.2 Context-Dependent Modeling Languages 4.2.1 Metamodel for Roles 4.2.2 E-CARGO Model 4.2.3 Data Context Interaction (DCI) 4.3 Combined Modeling Languages 4.3.1 Taming Agents and Objects (TAO) 4.3.2 Information Networking Model (INM) 4.3.3 Helena Approach 5 Contemporary Role-based Programming Languages 5.1 Behavioral Programming Languages 5.1.1 Chameleon 5.1.2 Java with Roles (JAWIRO) 5.1.3 Rava 5.1.4 JavaStage 5.2 Relational Programming Languages 5.2.1 Rumer 5.2.2 First Class Relationships 5.2.3 Relations 5.3 Context-Dependent Programming Languages 5.3.1 EpsilonJ and NextEJ 5.3.2 Role/Interaction/Communicative Action (RICA) 5.3.3 ObjectTeams/Java 5.3.4 PowerJava 5.3.5 Scala Roles 6 Comparison of Role-based Languages 6.1 Comparison of Role-Based Modeling Languages 6.2 Comparison of Role-Based Programming Languages 6.3 Results and Findings II Family of Role-Based Modeling Languages 7 Foundations of Role-Based Modeling Languages 7.1 Ontological Foundation 7.1.1 Metaproperties 7.1.2 Classifying Modeling Concepts 7.2 Graphical Notation 7.2.1 Model Level Notation 7.2.2 Graphical Modeling Constraints 7.2.3 Instance Level Notation 7.3 Formalization of Roles 7.3.1 Model Level 7.3.2 Instance Level 7.3.3 Constraint Level 7.4 Reintroducing Inheritance 7.4.1 Extending the Banking Application 7.4.2 Model Level Extensions 7.4.3 Instance Level Extensions 7.4.4 Constraint Level Extensions 7.5 Reference Implementation 7.5.1 Translation of Logical Formulae 7.5.2 Structure of the Reference Implementation 7.5.3 Specifying and Verifying Role Models 7.6 Full-Fledged Role Modeling Editor 7.6.1 Software Architecture 7.6.2 Illustrative Example 7.6.3 Additional Tool Support 8 Family of Role-Based Modeling Languages 8.1 Family of Metamodels for Role-Based Modeling Languages 8.1.1 Feature Model for Role-Based Languages 8.1.2 Feature Minimal Metamodel 8.1.3 Feature Complete Metamodel 8.1.4 Mapping Features to Variation Points 8.1.5 Implementation of the Metamodel Generator 8.2 First Family of Role Modeling Editors 8.2.1 Dynamic Feature Configuration 8.2.2 Architecture of the Dynamic Software Product Line 8.2.3 Applicability of the Language Family Within RoSI 9 Conclusion 9.1 Summary 9.2 Contributions 9.3 Comparison with Contemporary Role-Based Modeling Languages 9.4 Future Research

Role-based modeling has been proposed almost 40 years ago as a means to model complex and dynamic domains, because roles are able to capture both context-dependent and collaborative behavior of objects. Unfortunately, while several researchers have introduced the notion of roles to modeling and programming languages, only few have captured both the relational and the context-dependent nature of roles. In this work, we classify various proposals since 2000 and show the discontinuity and fragmentation of the whole research field. To overcome discontinuity, we propose a family of metamodels for role-based modeling languages. Each family member corresponds to a design decision captured in a feature model. In this way, it becomes feasible to generate a metamodel for each role-based approach. This allows for the combination and improvement of the different role-based modeling and programming languages and paves the way to reconcile the research field.

Die rollenbasierte Modellierung ist ein aktueller Forschungszweig, welcher Verfahren für die Analyse und die Lehre benötigt. Zu diesem Zweck präsentiert die Arbeit eine Erweiterung des klassischen, objektorientierten CRC-Karten-Verfahrens um rollenbasierte Konzepte. Diese basiert auf grundlegenden Eigenschaften rollenbasierter Elemente, wie Rollen, Objekte und Kontexte, welche modular in das CRC-Karten- Verfahren eingebunden werden. Weiterhin soll anhand einer empirische Studie ermittelt werden, wie gut das rollenerweiterte R-CRC-Karten-Verfahren für die Aufgaben in Analyse und Lehre geeignet ist. Das R-CRC-Karten-Verfahren soll letztendlich eine effiziente Möglichkeit bieten, Problemstellungen rollenbasiert zu analysieren und rollenbasierte Konzepte in der Lehre zu vermitteln.

Die rollenbasierte Modellierung ist ein aktueller Forschungszweig, welcher Verfahren für die Analyse und die Lehre benötigt. Zu diesem Zweck präsentiert die Arbeit eine Erweiterung des klassischen, objektorientierten CRC-Karten-Verfahrens um rollenbasierte Konzepte. Diese basiert auf grundlegenden Eigenschaften rollenbasierter Elemente, wie Rollen, Objekte und Kontexte, welche modular in das CRC-Karten- Verfahren eingebunden werden. Weiterhin soll anhand einer empirische Studie ermittelt werden, wie gut das rollenerweiterte R-CRC-Karten-Verfahren für die Aufgaben in Analyse und Lehre geeignet ist. Das R-CRC-Karten-Verfahren soll letztendlich eine effiziente Möglichkeit bieten, Problemstellungen rollenbasiert zu analysieren und rollenbasierte Konzepte in der Lehre zu vermitteln.

Since the year 1977, role modeling has been continuously investigated as promising paradigm to model complex, dynamic systems. However, this research had almost no influence on the design of todays increasingly complex and context-sensitive software systems. The reason for that is twofold. First, most modeling languages focused either on the behavioral, relational or context-dependent nature of roles rather than combining them. Second, there is a lack of tool support for the design, validation, and generation of role-based software systems. In particular, there exists no graphical role modeling editor supporting the three natures as well as the various proposed constraints. To overcome this deficiency, we introduce the Full-fledged Role Modeling Editor (FRaMED), a graphical modeling editor embracing all natures of roles and modeling constraints featuring generators for a formal representation and source code of a rolebased programming language. To show its applicability for the development of role-based software systems, an example from the banking domain is employed.