Mixture between populations is an evolutionary process that shapes genetic variation. Intermixing between groups of distinct ancestries creates mosaics of chromosomal segments inherited from multiple ancestral populations. Studying populations of mixed ancestry (admixed populations) is of special interest in population genetics as it not only provides insights into the history of admixed groups but also affords an opportunity to reconstruct the history of the ancestral populations, some of whom may no longer exist in unmixed form. Furthermore, it improves our understanding of the impact of population migrations and helps us discover links between genetic and phenotypic variation in structured populations. The majority of research on admixed populations has focused on African Americans and Latinos where the mixture is recent, having occurred within the past 500 years. In this dissertation, I describe several studies that I have led that expand the scope of admixed studies to West Eurasians and South Asians where the mixture is older, and data from ancestral groups is mostly unavailable. First, I introduce a novel method that studies admixture linkage disequilibrium (LD) to infer the time of mixture. I analyze genomewide data from 40 West Eurasian populations and show that all Southern European, Levantine and Jewish groups have inherited sub-Saharan African ancestry in the past 100 generations, likely reflecting events during the Roman Empire and subsequent Arab migrations. Next, I apply a range of methods to study the history of Siddi groups that harbor African, Indian and Portuguese ancestry, and to infer the history of Roma gypsies from Europe. Finally, I develop a novel approach that combines the insights of frequency and LD-based statistics to infer the underlying model of mixture. I apply this method to 73 South Asian groups and infer that major mixture occurred ~2,000-4,000 years ago. In a subset of populations, all the mixture occurred during this period, a time of major change in India marked by the de- urbanization of the Indus valley civilization and recolonization of the Gangetic plateau. Inferences from our analyses provide novel insights into the history of these populations as well as about the broad impact of human migrations.

The thesis deals with the relations between the Gypsies and the majority of companies. Briefly describes the history of Gypsies in the world and in our country, explores key points in history, when they first appear splits between the majority and the Gypsies minority. It also describes possible partial solution to this problem in multicultural education and awareness among the Roma and the majority society. There is mention of a key idea that a large part of the conflict between the two companies stems from a mutual lack of understanding of both cultures. The practical part deals with the attitudes and relationships of the majority of the Roma, which is directly experienced in every day life.

This diploma thesis deals with a topic of Roma education in the Czech elementary education system. Aim of the thesis is to analyse current state of czech educational system in a relationship to Roma students, to point out the practice of segregation at elementary schools and to offer possible solutions. In the theoretical part there is a description of current situation of Roma minority in the Czech Republic. Through media information and proffesional papers I reflect escalated social situation and analyze most frequent disputes between Roma minority and majority. I present a reform of Roma children education as one of the priorities for Roma integration in the Czech Republic. I present current alternatives of elementary education of Roma students in the Czech republic and compare advatages of inclusion against segregation in education. The practical part focuses on didactical arrangments of multicultural education topics in 6. ? 9. grade. Educational project called ?Black sheep, white crows? is a realization of cross-sectional topic of multicultural education in civics and czech language. Focus of this educational project is to verify the functioning of education at an open elementary school, which uses inclusive education.

The diploma thesis deals with affirmative approaches in the primary school system, with a focus being placed on educating Roma pupils. It includes the historical context that is important to gain an understanding of the issues in this area, and concentrates on the concept of the Roma Integration Strategy for 2015-2020, presenting the objectives of the Strategy aimed at supporting the education of the Roma. The determinants that have an impact on the process of educating Roma pupils - the family and school in particular - are characterised. Furthermore, the significance of the affirmative approaches playing a major role in achieving social integration and facilitating the creation of equal opportunities for the Roma in education, including employment and social involvement, is illustrated. The last chapter of the thesis aims to evaluate the preparatory class, which is among compensatory approaches to Roma pupils in danger of social exclusion, and verifies whether a two-year education in the preparatory class can compensate for Roma children's delayed psychomotor development before they enter the first grade. A questionnaire for teachers who work with these pupils on a long-term basis was used as the research tool. A comparison of the children's results before entering and after finishing the...