This investigation is in the discipline of theology (Church History) and seeks to discover how and why the early Christians separated themselves from the world in which they lived, and the results thereof. A study is made of the Roman Empire of the first three centuries, its politics, commerce and industry, and entertainment. The Christians’ separateness-policy under these three headings is then examined in some detail. They lived and worked among the people of the empire, but were separate from them in their code of conduct. The Christians’ separateness in politics was expressed by their refusal to worship the state gods and participate in the ceremonies, festivals and sacrifices associated therewith. They were ‘atheists’ who brought down the wrath of the gods upon the land. They followed a non-violence policy and preferred not to join the army and were viewed as disloyal subjects. People of all class-distinctions were welcomed at their gatherings and this was seen as a challenge to Roman sovereignty and the established class-order. The Christians’ separateness in commerce and industry was expressed in their refusal to join the guilds and to make sacrifices to the gods. They would not take jobs that promoted immorality or idolatry or that devalued human life. Their allegiance was to Christ and not to human patrons, and they supported one another financially within the Christian fellowship. The Christians’ expressed their separateness in leisure and entertainment by refusing to attend the games and spectacles of the arena and would not take part in the sacrifices associated with them. They spoke against gambling and the activities of the theatre, and followed a new style of sexual conduct that taught modesty, purity, and the sanctity of marriage. Rather than take part in meals that encouraged drinking and immorality, they met for simple Love Feasts. Many Christians died cruel deaths in these arenas. In spite of the opposition, Christianity continued to grow and by the end of the third century was a ‘state within a state’, independent and able to take care of her own. The last great persecution took place between AD 303-313 when severe and cruel ultimatums were issued to the Christians. Eventually the pagan world was convinced that if Christianity was worth dying for then it was worth living for. Many believed that their own gods had failed them. In AD 313, emperor Constantine proclaimed Christianity to be legal, and not long afterwards Christianity was proclaimed the state religion. Some hundred years later, it was the empire that ended, not Christianity. A comparison can therefore be made of the separateness of the early church who believed Christ’s words stating that they were ‘in the world but not of the world’, and today’s contemporary Christian and Pentecostal movements who claim to use the early church as a role-model. / Dr. M. Nel Prof. L. Grundlingh