Thesis (D.Psych.)--Murdoch University, 2008. / Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 239-261)

Thesis (M. Sc.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, Faculty of medicine, 2001. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-72).

Bakgrund: Rosacea är en hudsjukdom som drabbar de centrala delarna av ansiktet. Den drabbade ses ofta med akneliknande utslag på panna, näsa, kinder och på hakan. Studier har även visat att rosacea har en inflammatorisk påverkan på ögonen. Syfte: Syftet med arbetet var att kartlägga vilken kunskap som finns om hur rosacea påverkar ögats främre segment. Syftet var också att ta reda på vad vi som optiker bör vara uppmärksamma på när vi möter sjukdomen i vårt yrkesutövande. Metod: Efter litteratursökning selekterades och analyserades sex artiklar med gemensamt syfte att undersöka förekomsten av okulära problem hos personer diagnostiserade med rosacea. I studierna användes också tester som optiker kan utföra i det dagliga arbetet. Resultat: Resultatet efter granskandet av originalartiklarna visade att okulära symtom och fynd förekommer hos personer med rosacea. Det är dock inte alltid så att de okulära fynden ger symtom. Slutsats: Optiker bör vara uppmärksamma på den inflammatoriska inverkan som rosacea kan ha på ögonen. Det är viktigt med noggranna kliniska undersökningar även om rosaceapatienterna inte upplever några subjektiva ögonsymtom.

No description available.

Fundamentos: a rosácea é uma dermatose freqüente que possui multiplicidade de fatores envolvidos no seu desencadeamento. Na literatura recente, há autores que apontam o Helicobacter pylori como um possível agente etiológico da doença. Porém os poucos estudos publicados sobre o assunto que utilizaram pacientes controles não encontraram evidências de que esta associação seja importante. No Brasil, não há trabalhos publicados quanto à exposição ao Helicobacter pylori em pacientes com rosácea, e mesmo o perfil geral dos pacientes com rosácea, no país, é pouco conhecido. Objetivos: o principal objetivo do estudo foi avaliar se a exposição ao Helicobacter pylori constitui um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento da rosácea. Os outros objetivos do trabalho foram: avaliar uma possível diferença da presença de distúrbios dispépticos entre casos de rosácea e controles, analisar se a exposição ao Helicobacter pylori ocorre homogeneamente nos diferentes estágios evolutivos da rosácea, e descrever o perfil clínico-epidemiológico dos pacientes com rosácea. Metodologia: foi realizado um estudo caso-controle no Serviço de Dermatologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre I Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e no Laboratório Faillace (Porto Alegre, RS), no período entre 15 de abril de 1996 e 18 de maio de 1998. Os casos de rosácea (n=62) foram definidos de acordo com o critério clínico de Marks ( 1992) e classificados de acordo com os critérios de Plewig e Kligman (1993). Em situações de dúvidas clínicas, foram realizadas biópsias cutâneas, e a histopatologia foi utilizada para definir os diagnósticos. Os pacientes controles (n=124) foram selecionados entre pacientes não portadores de rosácea, atendidos no mesmo Serviço. Houve pareamento para idade, sexo e raça e apenas pacientes acima de 18 anos foram incluídos. As variáveis aferidas em ambos os grupos foram renda familiar mensal, grau de escolaridade, uso prévio de medicamentos sistêmicos, presença de distúrbios dispépticos e sorologia (IgG por enzimaimunoensaio) para Helicobacter pylori. Foram realizadas análise de risco bivariada e análise estatística estratificada. Resultados: houve uma fraca associação entre a exposição ao Helicobacter pylori e a rosácea (OR= 1,41 p=0,367), porém a análise estratificada demonstrou que o uso de medicamentos prévios e a renda familiar mensal inferior a 10 salários mínimos agiram de modo a modificar a relação entre o fator em estudo e o desfecho. No estrato em que essas variáveis modificadoras de efeito não interferiram, verificou-se uma forte associação entre a bactéria e a dermatose (OR=8,0 p""0,023). Não ocorreram diferenças importantes entre casos e controles quanto à presença de distúrbios dispépticos; também não ocorreram diferenças importantes quanto à freqüência de reagência sorológica ao Helicobacter pylori entre os diferentes estágios evolutivos da rosácea. O perfil dos pacientes com rosácea da amostra mostrou-se semelhante aos já descritos na literatura mundial. Conclusão: a freqüência da sorologia reagente para Helicobacter pylori em casos e em controles demonstrou não existir uma forte associação de risco entre o bacilo e a dermatose, exceto quando as variáveis modificadoras de efeito são removidas. Portanto, a principal conclusão do estudo é que, provavelmente, o Helicobacter pylori constitua um fator de risco para a rosácea em determinados grupos de indivíduos. / Background: rosacea is a frequent dermatosis triggered by multiple factors. In recent literature there are authors who indicate Helicobacter pylori as a possible etiological agent of the disease. However, the few studies published on this subject using control patients did not find evidence that this association is important. In Brazil, no studies have been published regarding exposure to Helicobacter pylori in patients with rosacea, and even the general profile of the patients with rosacea in the country is little known. Objectives: the main objective of the study was to assess whether the exposure to Helicobacter pylori constitutes a risk factor for the development of rosacea. The other objectives ofthe study were: to assess a possible difference in the presence of dyspeptic disorders between cases of rosacea and the controls; to analyze whether exposure to Helicobacter pylori occurs homogeneously in the different stages of evolution of rosacea, and; to describe the clinical-epidemiological profile o f rosacea patients. Methodology: a case-control study was perfomed at the Dermatology Service of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre I Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, and at Laboratório Faillace (Porto Alegre, RS), in the period from April 15, 1996 to May 18, 1998. The rosacea cases (n=62) were defined according to the clinicai criterion of Marks (1992) and classified according to the criteria ofPlewig and Kligman (1 993). In situations of clinicai doubt, skin biopsies were perfomed, and the histopathology was used to define the diagnoses. The control patients (n= l24) were selected among patients who did not have rosacea, seen at the same Service. Matching was perfomed for age, sex and race, and only patients over 18 years of age were included. The variables measured in both groups were monthly family income, schooling, previous use of systemic medications, presence of dyspeptic disorders and serology (lgG by enzyme immunoassay) for Helicobacter pylori. Bivariate risk analysis and stratified statistical analysis were perfomed. Results: a weak association was found between exposure to Helicobacter pylori and rosacea (OR= l ,41 p=0,367), but stratified analysis showed that the use of previous medications and family in come below 1 O rninimum wages modified the relationship between the factor studied and outcome. In the stratum where these effect-modifying variables did not interfere, a strong association was found between the bacteria nad dermatosis (OR=8,0 p=0,023). No significant ditferences were found as to frequency of serological reaction to Helicobacter pylori among the different evolutionary stages of rosacea. The profile ofthe rosacea patients in the sample proved similar to those already described in world literature. Conclusion: the frequency of serology reagent for Helicobacter pylori in cases and controls showed that there is not strong risk association between the bacillus and dermatosis, except when the effect-modifying variables are removed. Thus, the main conclusion o f the study is that, probably Helicobacter pylori constitues a risk factor for rosacea in certain groups o f individuais.

Fundamentos: a rosácea é uma dermatose freqüente que possui multiplicidade de fatores envolvidos no seu desencadeamento. Na literatura recente, há autores que apontam o Helicobacter pylori como um possível agente etiológico da doença. Porém os poucos estudos publicados sobre o assunto que utilizaram pacientes controles não encontraram evidências de que esta associação seja importante. No Brasil, não há trabalhos publicados quanto à exposição ao Helicobacter pylori em pacientes com rosácea, e mesmo o perfil geral dos pacientes com rosácea, no país, é pouco conhecido. Objetivos: o principal objetivo do estudo foi avaliar se a exposição ao Helicobacter pylori constitui um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento da rosácea. Os outros objetivos do trabalho foram: avaliar uma possível diferença da presença de distúrbios dispépticos entre casos de rosácea e controles, analisar se a exposição ao Helicobacter pylori ocorre homogeneamente nos diferentes estágios evolutivos da rosácea, e descrever o perfil clínico-epidemiológico dos pacientes com rosácea. Metodologia: foi realizado um estudo caso-controle no Serviço de Dermatologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre I Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e no Laboratório Faillace (Porto Alegre, RS), no período entre 15 de abril de 1996 e 18 de maio de 1998. Os casos de rosácea (n=62) foram definidos de acordo com o critério clínico de Marks ( 1992) e classificados de acordo com os critérios de Plewig e Kligman (1993). Em situações de dúvidas clínicas, foram realizadas biópsias cutâneas, e a histopatologia foi utilizada para definir os diagnósticos. Os pacientes controles (n=124) foram selecionados entre pacientes não portadores de rosácea, atendidos no mesmo Serviço. Houve pareamento para idade, sexo e raça e apenas pacientes acima de 18 anos foram incluídos. As variáveis aferidas em ambos os grupos foram renda familiar mensal, grau de escolaridade, uso prévio de medicamentos sistêmicos, presença de distúrbios dispépticos e sorologia (IgG por enzimaimunoensaio) para Helicobacter pylori. Foram realizadas análise de risco bivariada e análise estatística estratificada. Resultados: houve uma fraca associação entre a exposição ao Helicobacter pylori e a rosácea (OR= 1,41 p=0,367), porém a análise estratificada demonstrou que o uso de medicamentos prévios e a renda familiar mensal inferior a 10 salários mínimos agiram de modo a modificar a relação entre o fator em estudo e o desfecho. No estrato em que essas variáveis modificadoras de efeito não interferiram, verificou-se uma forte associação entre a bactéria e a dermatose (OR=8,0 p""0,023). Não ocorreram diferenças importantes entre casos e controles quanto à presença de distúrbios dispépticos; também não ocorreram diferenças importantes quanto à freqüência de reagência sorológica ao Helicobacter pylori entre os diferentes estágios evolutivos da rosácea. O perfil dos pacientes com rosácea da amostra mostrou-se semelhante aos já descritos na literatura mundial. Conclusão: a freqüência da sorologia reagente para Helicobacter pylori em casos e em controles demonstrou não existir uma forte associação de risco entre o bacilo e a dermatose, exceto quando as variáveis modificadoras de efeito são removidas. Portanto, a principal conclusão do estudo é que, provavelmente, o Helicobacter pylori constitua um fator de risco para a rosácea em determinados grupos de indivíduos. / Background: rosacea is a frequent dermatosis triggered by multiple factors. In recent literature there are authors who indicate Helicobacter pylori as a possible etiological agent of the disease. However, the few studies published on this subject using control patients did not find evidence that this association is important. In Brazil, no studies have been published regarding exposure to Helicobacter pylori in patients with rosacea, and even the general profile of the patients with rosacea in the country is little known. Objectives: the main objective of the study was to assess whether the exposure to Helicobacter pylori constitutes a risk factor for the development of rosacea. The other objectives ofthe study were: to assess a possible difference in the presence of dyspeptic disorders between cases of rosacea and the controls; to analyze whether exposure to Helicobacter pylori occurs homogeneously in the different stages of evolution of rosacea, and; to describe the clinical-epidemiological profile o f rosacea patients. Methodology: a case-control study was perfomed at the Dermatology Service of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre I Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, and at Laboratório Faillace (Porto Alegre, RS), in the period from April 15, 1996 to May 18, 1998. The rosacea cases (n=62) were defined according to the clinicai criterion of Marks (1992) and classified according to the criteria ofPlewig and Kligman (1 993). In situations of clinicai doubt, skin biopsies were perfomed, and the histopathology was used to define the diagnoses. The control patients (n= l24) were selected among patients who did not have rosacea, seen at the same Service. Matching was perfomed for age, sex and race, and only patients over 18 years of age were included. The variables measured in both groups were monthly family income, schooling, previous use of systemic medications, presence of dyspeptic disorders and serology (lgG by enzyme immunoassay) for Helicobacter pylori. Bivariate risk analysis and stratified statistical analysis were perfomed. Results: a weak association was found between exposure to Helicobacter pylori and rosacea (OR= l ,41 p=0,367), but stratified analysis showed that the use of previous medications and family in come below 1 O rninimum wages modified the relationship between the factor studied and outcome. In the stratum where these effect-modifying variables did not interfere, a strong association was found between the bacteria nad dermatosis (OR=8,0 p=0,023). No significant ditferences were found as to frequency of serological reaction to Helicobacter pylori among the different evolutionary stages of rosacea. The profile ofthe rosacea patients in the sample proved similar to those already described in world literature. Conclusion: the frequency of serology reagent for Helicobacter pylori in cases and controls showed that there is not strong risk association between the bacillus and dermatosis, except when the effect-modifying variables are removed. Thus, the main conclusion o f the study is that, probably Helicobacter pylori constitues a risk factor for rosacea in certain groups o f individuais.

Fundamentos: a rosácea é uma dermatose freqüente que possui multiplicidade de fatores envolvidos no seu desencadeamento. Na literatura recente, há autores que apontam o Helicobacter pylori como um possível agente etiológico da doença. Porém os poucos estudos publicados sobre o assunto que utilizaram pacientes controles não encontraram evidências de que esta associação seja importante. No Brasil, não há trabalhos publicados quanto à exposição ao Helicobacter pylori em pacientes com rosácea, e mesmo o perfil geral dos pacientes com rosácea, no país, é pouco conhecido. Objetivos: o principal objetivo do estudo foi avaliar se a exposição ao Helicobacter pylori constitui um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento da rosácea. Os outros objetivos do trabalho foram: avaliar uma possível diferença da presença de distúrbios dispépticos entre casos de rosácea e controles, analisar se a exposição ao Helicobacter pylori ocorre homogeneamente nos diferentes estágios evolutivos da rosácea, e descrever o perfil clínico-epidemiológico dos pacientes com rosácea. Metodologia: foi realizado um estudo caso-controle no Serviço de Dermatologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre I Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e no Laboratório Faillace (Porto Alegre, RS), no período entre 15 de abril de 1996 e 18 de maio de 1998. Os casos de rosácea (n=62) foram definidos de acordo com o critério clínico de Marks ( 1992) e classificados de acordo com os critérios de Plewig e Kligman (1993). Em situações de dúvidas clínicas, foram realizadas biópsias cutâneas, e a histopatologia foi utilizada para definir os diagnósticos. Os pacientes controles (n=124) foram selecionados entre pacientes não portadores de rosácea, atendidos no mesmo Serviço. Houve pareamento para idade, sexo e raça e apenas pacientes acima de 18 anos foram incluídos. As variáveis aferidas em ambos os grupos foram renda familiar mensal, grau de escolaridade, uso prévio de medicamentos sistêmicos, presença de distúrbios dispépticos e sorologia (IgG por enzimaimunoensaio) para Helicobacter pylori. Foram realizadas análise de risco bivariada e análise estatística estratificada. Resultados: houve uma fraca associação entre a exposição ao Helicobacter pylori e a rosácea (OR= 1,41 p=0,367), porém a análise estratificada demonstrou que o uso de medicamentos prévios e a renda familiar mensal inferior a 10 salários mínimos agiram de modo a modificar a relação entre o fator em estudo e o desfecho. No estrato em que essas variáveis modificadoras de efeito não interferiram, verificou-se uma forte associação entre a bactéria e a dermatose (OR=8,0 p""0,023). Não ocorreram diferenças importantes entre casos e controles quanto à presença de distúrbios dispépticos; também não ocorreram diferenças importantes quanto à freqüência de reagência sorológica ao Helicobacter pylori entre os diferentes estágios evolutivos da rosácea. O perfil dos pacientes com rosácea da amostra mostrou-se semelhante aos já descritos na literatura mundial. Conclusão: a freqüência da sorologia reagente para Helicobacter pylori em casos e em controles demonstrou não existir uma forte associação de risco entre o bacilo e a dermatose, exceto quando as variáveis modificadoras de efeito são removidas. Portanto, a principal conclusão do estudo é que, provavelmente, o Helicobacter pylori constitua um fator de risco para a rosácea em determinados grupos de indivíduos. / Background: rosacea is a frequent dermatosis triggered by multiple factors. In recent literature there are authors who indicate Helicobacter pylori as a possible etiological agent of the disease. However, the few studies published on this subject using control patients did not find evidence that this association is important. In Brazil, no studies have been published regarding exposure to Helicobacter pylori in patients with rosacea, and even the general profile of the patients with rosacea in the country is little known. Objectives: the main objective of the study was to assess whether the exposure to Helicobacter pylori constitutes a risk factor for the development of rosacea. The other objectives ofthe study were: to assess a possible difference in the presence of dyspeptic disorders between cases of rosacea and the controls; to analyze whether exposure to Helicobacter pylori occurs homogeneously in the different stages of evolution of rosacea, and; to describe the clinical-epidemiological profile o f rosacea patients. Methodology: a case-control study was perfomed at the Dermatology Service of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre I Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, and at Laboratório Faillace (Porto Alegre, RS), in the period from April 15, 1996 to May 18, 1998. The rosacea cases (n=62) were defined according to the clinicai criterion of Marks (1992) and classified according to the criteria ofPlewig and Kligman (1 993). In situations of clinicai doubt, skin biopsies were perfomed, and the histopathology was used to define the diagnoses. The control patients (n= l24) were selected among patients who did not have rosacea, seen at the same Service. Matching was perfomed for age, sex and race, and only patients over 18 years of age were included. The variables measured in both groups were monthly family income, schooling, previous use of systemic medications, presence of dyspeptic disorders and serology (lgG by enzyme immunoassay) for Helicobacter pylori. Bivariate risk analysis and stratified statistical analysis were perfomed. Results: a weak association was found between exposure to Helicobacter pylori and rosacea (OR= l ,41 p=0,367), but stratified analysis showed that the use of previous medications and family in come below 1 O rninimum wages modified the relationship between the factor studied and outcome. In the stratum where these effect-modifying variables did not interfere, a strong association was found between the bacteria nad dermatosis (OR=8,0 p=0,023). No significant ditferences were found as to frequency of serological reaction to Helicobacter pylori among the different evolutionary stages of rosacea. The profile ofthe rosacea patients in the sample proved similar to those already described in world literature. Conclusion: the frequency of serology reagent for Helicobacter pylori in cases and controls showed that there is not strong risk association between the bacillus and dermatosis, except when the effect-modifying variables are removed. Thus, the main conclusion o f the study is that, probably Helicobacter pylori constitues a risk factor for rosacea in certain groups o f individuais.

In mammals, hairs fulfil a number of important functions including thermoregulation, collecting sensory information, protection against environmental stressors, social communication and mimicry [1]. Hairs are produced by the pilosebaceous unit that consists of the hair follicle and associated structures such as sebaceous gland, perifollicular nerve fibres and arrector pili muscle [1, 2]. In humans, hair follicles are distributed throughout the body with exception of the soles, palm and part of the external genitalia and produce two major hair types (terminal and vellus hairs) that show distinct morphology and distribution patterns [3].

Rosacea is a chronic skin disorder, characterized by redness and flushing of the cheeks, nose, chin or forehead. It has been proposed that rosacea is a result of frequent blushing (Miller, 1921; Klaber & Whittkower, 1939). However, the relationship between rosacea and blushing is uncertain. The aim of the present research was to investigate the relationship between psychological stress and vascular disturbances in rosacea. Five studies were conducted. The first study explored the relationship between rosacea and mental health while the next two investigated vascular responses in rosacea sufferers and controls to acetylcholine (which induces endothelial vasodilatation and axon reflexes) and psychological stress (embarrassment). The fourth study aimed to examine the relationship between psychological indicators and rosacea symptoms on a daily basis. The fifth study consisted of three case studies looking at the use of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Task Concentration Training (TCT) with rosacea sufferers presenting with social anxiety and fear of blushing symptoms. In study 1, sixty-two participants were asked to complete the Blushing Propensity Scale (BPS), Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS), Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) and Social Phobia Scale (SPS). Outcomes from the first study indicated that Type 2 rosacea sufferers (n= 12) perceived themselves as blushing more frequently and intensely than Type 1 rosacea sufferers (n=19) or controls (n=31). This suggested that Type 2 rosacea sufferers experiencing frequent blushing may have a lower sensitivity threshold to blushing episodes. In addition, Type 2 rosacea sufferers perceived themselves as more stressed than Type 1 rosacea sufferers or controls, possibly indicating that managing the condition can be stressful. Contrary to previous reports (Gupta et al., 2006; National Rosacea Society, 2005) severity of rosacea was not associated with depression, social anxiety or fear of negative evaluation. However, a few participants who reported high social anxiety and stress scores were offered psychological intervention (Study 5). The aim of the second study was to investigate vascular responses in rosacea sufferers. Cutaneous endothelial and axon reflex function was assessed using an acetylcholine dose response curve. The axon reflex was assessed by inducing a flare with ACh iontophoresis. Outcomes from this study indicated that Type 2 rosacea sufferers had a greater axon reflex response than Type 1 rosacea sufferers. Thus over-reactivity of the axon reflex in Type 2 rosacea sufferers might contribute to prolonged vasodilatation. However, cutaneous endothelial responses to ACh were similar in rosacea and control groups. The results suggested that neural pathways mediated the flushing response rather than cutaneous endothelial function. The third study investigated facial blood flow while participants attempted laboratory induced embarrassment tasks. Type 2 rosacea sufferers were found to have a greater blood flow in the facial region than Type 1 rosacea sufferers during singing and speech tasks, suggesting that Type 2 rosacea sufferers blushed more than type 1 rosacea sufferers or controls. Furthermore, Type 2 rosacea sufferers reported higher embarrassment and blushing ratings than Type 1 rosacea sufferers. This indicated that Type 2 rosacea sufferers perceived themselves as emotionally more aroused than other participants. Taken together, it would appear that a combination of physiological and cognitive factors increased facial blood flow in Type 2 rosacea sufferers in laboratory induced embarrassment tasks. The fourth study explored the relationship between stress and symptoms of rosacea. Using a diary, 15 rosacea sufferers recorded their stress, anxiety and mood and their intensity of rosacea symptoms daily. Stress was associated with increased stinging/facial redness on the same day for 1 to 2 months. Furthermore, it was associated with increased stinging ratings the next day. However, feeling anxious or having low mood was not related to increase stinging the next day. The presence of increased stress found in rosacea participants on the day where stinging and redness occurred should be taken into consideration when formulating psychological interventions for rosacea sufferers. In study 5, individual psychological intervention was provided to three participants experiencing stress, fear of blushing and social anxiety symptoms. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Task Concentration Training (TCT) were helpful in managing stress, anxiety and fear of blushing symptoms in individual rosacea sufferers. Encouragingly, all participants reported a gain in their repertoire of strategies and showed a decrease in anxiety symptoms on assessment questionnaires following their intervention. Replication of the intervention protocol and investigation of other psychological approaches are required to establish best practise outcome for rosacea sufferers who require psychological interventions. The present findings suggest that over-reactivity of axon reflexes contributes to facial flushing. In addition, emotional flushing in rosacea sufferers appears to be maintained by a combination of cognitive and physiological factors. On a clinical level, the study recommends that emotional stress associated with facial flushing in rosacea sufferers to be targeted for psychological intervention.

La rosacée est une maladie inflammatoire chronique de la peau qui affecte presque exclusivement la peau faciale centrale. Actuellement, la morbidité de la rosacée en Chine augmente. Chaque signe clinique de la rosacée est lié à la pathogenèse de cette maladie cutanée dont la physiopathologie très complexe, implique différents types cellulaires et molécules de la peau et divers sous-types. Selon ces résultats, nous avons pu évaluer le rôle de la barrière cutanée et des microorganismes dans la rosacée. Le premier objectif de cette thèse était de déterminer si un microbiote cutané altéré est le résultat d'une pathophysiologie sous-jacente. Nous avons également comparé la rosacée chez des patients chinois et français en évaluant la fonction de la barrière cutanée. Ces tests aideront au choix de la thérapie la plus adaptée pour traiter des patients atteints de rosacée. A travers ces 4 années de recherche de thèse, nous avons montré que : • La biopsie standard de la surface de la peau est une bonne méthode pratique en clinique pour mesurer la densité de Demodex Folliculorum chez les patients atteints de rosacée et d'acné. Le RCM peut être un meilleur choix que le SSSB en raison de son exactitude, de son exhaustivité et de sa procédure indolore non invasive in vivo. RCM semble être plus sensible que son prédécesseur. D'après les résultats de l'analyse du nombre de Demodex dans les lésions de patients atteints de PPR, nous avons constaté que ce nombre est beaucoup plus élevé à Besançon qu'à Shanghai. Les caractéristiques physiologiques de la rosacée sont fortement associées aux interactions entre l'hôte et les micro-organismes, et nos données indiquent l'importance de la colonisation bactérienne. Dans la pathogenèse de la rosacée, il est donc souhaitable de prendre en compte l'altération du microbiote cutané et des réponses immunitaires.La MRC peut détecter dans la peau sensible et la rosacée, les structures endommagées par l'épidermolyse du patient, y compris la parakératose, le désordre en nid d'abeille. Elle pourrait être utilisée comme nouvelle méthode auxiliaire de détection et de diagnostic.l est important de prendre en compte l'association des microorganismes, des paramètres biophysiques de la peau, du microenvironnement et de la barrière cutanée, y compris les barrières physiques, chimiques et microbiennes, même dans la peau normale, dans la conception des produits de soins de la peau et des médicaments antimicrobiens / Rosacea is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease that almost exclusively affects the central facial skin. In these years, the morbidity ofrosacea in China has increased significantly. Each clinical signs of rosacea are related by the pathogenesis of this skin disease, and its pathophysiology is very complex, involving various cell types and molecules in the skin, and various subtypes. According these viewpoints, we chose the ERT and PPR patients, and focused on the microorganism and skin barrier to know more about the pathogenesis of rosacea. The first objective of this thesis was to know more about that whether the skin impaired microbiota is a response to changes in the skin microenvironment resulting from rosacea's underlying pathophysiology. And we also interested in the difference between the French rosacea patients and the Chinese patients in the skin barrier function. Another objective was to find the practical non-invasive testing technology to evaluate the rosacea patients'skin barrier damage condition and in the treatment efficacy. Through these testing, we could know more about the skin barrier situation of the patient, which will help us to choose the more suitable therapy approach for the long time treatment period for rosacea patients. Through these 4 years research of this thesis, we have shown that: Standardized Skin Surface Biopsy is a good practical method to measure Demodex Folliculorum density in rosacea and acne patients in clinical experience. RCM may be a better choice than SSSB because of its accuracy, completeness and as an in vivo noninvasive painless procedure. RCM appears to be a more sensitive method which could be used more in research or clinical studies or to follow up treatment or recurrence. According to the results of testing demodex number in les ions of PPR patients, we found that it was much higher in Besancon than Shanghai even ifwe used the same method. The physiological features of rosacea are strongly associated with the interactions between the host and microorganisms, and our data indicate the importance of the bacterial colonization balance on the skin surface. In the pathogenesis ofrosacea, we'd better to care more about the skin dysbiosis with the enhanced immunity responds. RCM can detect in sensitive skin and rosacea patient epidermal damaged structures, including parakeratosis, disarranged honeycomb pattern and reduced honeycomb pattern depth. lt could be used as a new kind of the new auxiliary method in the detection and diagnosis, providing the new mentality for the diagnosis and treatment. It is important that the association of microorganisms, skin biophysical parameters, microenvironment and skin barrier function including physical, chemical and microbial barriers even in normal skin, which is essential for designing skin care products and anti-microbial drugs