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The influence of nonmetallic dispersants on the toxicity of rotenone in ground cube when used for pea aphid controlJanes, Ray L. January 1943 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1943. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-98).
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The influence of clay diluents on the toxicity of rotenone in ground cube when used for pea aphid controlCampau, Edward Junior, January 1942 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1942. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-106).
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Effects of CFT Legumine™ Rotenone on Macroinvertebrates in Four Drainages of Montana and New MexicoSkorupski, Joseph A., Jr. 08 1900 (has links)
Rotenone is considered essential in the restoration of native fish populations; however, the technique is contentious and criticized, specifically concerning impacts to invertebrates. Knowledge of effects to non-target organisms is important for the management and conservation of fish populations. This thesis has two general objectives: (1) demonstrate the influence CFT Legumine™ rotenone has on benthic macroinvertebrates for restoration projects in Montana and New Mexico and (2) evaluate the immediate response by means of invertebrate drift. Chapters 2 and 4 incorporate results from four different restoration projects that examine benthic macroinvertebrate response. Results indicate treatment effects are minimal for Specimen and Cherry Creek projects in Montana. New Mexico projects, Comanche and Costilla Creek suggest a greater influence. Potassium permanganate used to neutralize rotenone, influenced communities in three of the four projects. Regardless, invertebrates in all four projects recovered one-year after treatment. Chapter 3 examines macroinvertebrate drift during rotenone treatment. Results suggest a delayed response compared to previous literature. Rotenone appears to have the greatest immediate influence on the early life stages of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera. To reduce impacts of rotenone to invertebrates, managers should apply CFT Legumine and use the minimal dosage and duration to complete the projects goal of removing non-indigenous fish species.
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An investigation into the neuroprotective effects of melatonin in a model of rotenone-induced neurodegeneration /Kadanthode, Rubina John. January 2003 (has links)
Thesis (M. Sc. (Pharmacy))--Rhodes University, 2004.
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An investigation into the neuroprotective effects of melatonin in a model of rotenone-induced neurodegenerationKadanthode, Rubina John January 2004 (has links)
Parkinson’s disease, one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders associated with ageing, is characterised by abnormal and profound loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. The cause of Parkinson’s disease is unknown, but epidemiological studies suggest an association with pesticides and other environmental toxins, and biochemical studies implicate oxidative damage and mitochondrial impairment, particularly at the level of complex I enzyme. Recently, rotenone, a commonly used organic pesticide and a classical inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I has been reported to reproduce the specific features of Parkinson’s disease in rodents. The mitochondrial respiratory chain is one of the most important sites of reactive oxygen species production under physiological conditions. Toxic free radicals have been implicated in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases as well as ageing itself. Melatonin, a secretory product of the pineal gland is a multifaceted free radical scavenger and natural antioxidant. In the present study, the neuroprotective effects of melatonin against the environmental neurotoxin, rotenone was investigated. Initial studies showed that inhibition of mitochondrial complex I enzyme by rotenone induced superoxide radical generation. Melatonin, administered to the rat in vivo and in vitro was able to offer neuroprotection by curtailing the production of superoxide radicals induced by rotenone. Mitochondria, being the major target of rotenone, the effects of melatonin were investigated at the mitochondrial level. Melatonin was able to increase the electron transport chain activity thus preventing the respiratory inhibition by rotenone. The pineal hormone also counteracted the action of rotenone on complex I enzyme. These results suggest melatonin’s ability to potentially limit the free radical generation and thereby modulate the mitochondrial functions. The detection and measurement of lipid peroxidation is the evidence most frequently cited to support the involvement of free radical reactions in toxicology and in human disease. Melatonin also offered significant protection in vivo and in vitro against rotenone induced lipid peroxidation. Since iron plays a major role in oxidative damage and in the progression of Parkinson’s disease, the effect of melatonin on both rotenone and iron induced lipid peroxidation was investigated, the results of which show that melatonin affords protection and this was suggested to be due to its interaction with the rotenone-iron complex that might have formed. Electrochemical studies were further used to characterise the interactions between melatonin, rotenone and iron (III). Melatonin was shown to bind with iron and thus reducing their toxicity. Histological studies were undertaken to assess the effects of melatonin on rotenone induced toxicity on the dopaminergic neurons in the rat brain. Rotenone treated brains showed extensive neuronal damage whereas with melatonin less damage was observed. Rotenone induces apoptosis via reactive oxygen species production and apoptotic cell death has been identified in PD brains. Furthermore, the apoptotic cell death was detected and quantified by the TUNEL staining. Rotenone treated sections showed signs of apoptosis whereas with melatonin, less apoptotic damage was observed. The findings of this study indicate that the neurohormone, melatonin may protect against rotenone-induced neurodegeneration. Since melatonin production falls substantially during ageing, the loss of this antioxidant is theorized to be instrumental in the degenerative processes associated with advanced age. Considering how devastating diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, are to a patient and the patient’s families, the discovery of protective agents are a matter of urgency. Further investigations using the pesticide model will help to determine the involvement of environmental exposure in the pathogenesis of human diseases as well as to test therapeutic strategies for the treatment of such diseases.
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Transition metal catalysed reactions for the synthesis of heteroaromatic compoundsPelly, Stephen Christopher 22 December 2008 (has links)
The carbazole and 2-isopropenyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran structures are widely found in
many naturally occurring compounds. For example, the naturally occurring anti-cancer
compound, rebeccamycin, contains an indolocarbazole core. Rotenone, which contains an
(R)-2-isopropenyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran moiety, is widely used today as an effective
naturally occurring pesticide.
In the carbazole section of this thesis, the synthesis of the naturally occurring
furanocarbazole, furostifoline is described. As key steps in this sequence, a Suzuki
coupling reaction is utilised to couple appropriately functionalised indole and furan
moieties. After further functional group transformations, a metathesis reaction is employed
to construct the carbazole system, leading to furostifoline. The synthesis of the unnatural
thio-analogue of furostifoline was similarly conducted and is described. Finally, in a
somewhat different approach, the synthesis of the indolocarbazole core is described,
utilising a Madelung approach initially to form the bis-indole system, 2,2’-biindolyl. After
several functional group transformations, a metathesis reaction was once again
successfully employed to form the carbazole system, thereby synthesising di(tert-butyl)
indolo[2,3-a]carbazole-11,12-dicarboxylate.
In the benzofuran section of this thesis, the successful chiral synthesis of two 2-
isopropenyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran systems is described. As a precursor to rotenone, the
synthesis of (R)-2-isopropenyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-4-ol is described starting from
resorcinol. The key step in this synthesis is a stereoselective intramolecular Pd π-allyl
mediated cyclisation utilising the R,R’-Trost ligand, thereby forming (R)-2-isopropenyl-
2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-4-ol in excellent yield and enantiomeric excess. The alternative
enantiomer, (S)-2-isopropenyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-4-ol, was similarly synthesised.
Finally, a similar approach was utilised to synthesise both (S)- and (R)-2-isopropenyl-2,3-
dihydrobenzofuran, starting from 2-allyl-phenol, and thereby completing a formal
synthesis of the naturally occurring compounds, (S)-fomannoxin and (R)-trematone,
respectively.
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The mechanism of pesticide rotenone-induced cell death in models of Parkinson's disease /Ahmadi, Ferogh Ali. January 2005 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D. in Neuroscience) -- University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, 2005. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-128). Free to UCDHSC affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;
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Elucidating the Cellular and Molecular Changes of Dopaminergic Neurons by Rotenone-Induced Neurodegeneration in ZebrafishNgo, Dung 25 July 2018 (has links)
Chemical-induced models have revealed the crucial role of oxidative stress and mito-chondrial dysfunction in the development of Parkinson’s Disease. In this project, firstly, we in-vestigated the mechanism of action of rotenone, a commercialized pesticide that was previously described to reproduce the bradykinetic dopaminergic neurodegeneration symptoms of Parkin-son’s Disease in zebrafish by inhibition of the mitochondrial complex I. We found out that rote-none caused change in the morphology of the zebrafish dopaminergic mitochondrial network. We also observed the altered expression of various genes involves in mitochondrial fusion and fission in response to rotenone exposure. Secondly, to develop the use of adult zebrafish as a toxin-based model for Parkinson’s Disease, we sought to minimize any off-target effects by exposure of rotenone specifically to the brain. We demonstrated that microinjection of rotenone into the forebrain ventricular zone of adult zebrafish decreases the number of dopaminergic neurons. However, behavioural tests suggested that did not translate into locomotor impairment in these fish.
Taken together, these results gave us more information about the potential use of zebrafish to study the physiological mechanism leading to dopaminergic degeneration and allow for the development of therapeutic strategies for Parkinson’s Disease.
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The association between pesticides and Parkinson's disease riskVazquez, Gabriella 01 March 2021 (has links)
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurological movement disorder characterized by depletion of dopaminergic cell bodies in the substantia nigra pars compacta with subsequent loss of dopamine in the nigrostriatal pathway. PD is definitively diagnosed by the presence of intracytoplasmic inclusions in dopaminergic neurons. These inclusions are composed of a-synuclein aggregates, known as “Lewy bodies.” Lewy Bodies are known to be toxic to neurons leading to cell death. Individuals with PD most commonly manifest with bradykinesia (slowness in movement), tremors, and rigidity, but may also suffer orthostatic hypotension, dysphagia, anosmia, constipation, and sleep dysregulation.
Mechanisms of PD pathogenesis may include defective protein handling, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Exposure to pesticides has long been implicated in the etiology of Parkinson’s Disease. An increasing number of epidemiological studies have linked the incidence of Parkinson’s Disease to environmental risk factors such as exposure to occupational pesticides and rural living where pesticides are known to leak into the soil and water systems far from their original area of use. The epidemiologic literature is lacking studies with large enough cohorts and accurate means to measure the exact pesticide exposure and duration of exposure. Given the extensive worldwide use of pesticides it is important to further study the associations between Parkinson’s disease and occupation exposures in larger populations.
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Seleção de genótipos de feijoeiro Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) (Leguminosae) resistentes aos carunchos Acanthoscelides obtectus (Boh.) e Zabrotes subfasciatus (Say) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) e o seu uso associado com inseticidas botânicos / Selection of common bean Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) (Leguminosae) resistant genotypes to the weevils Acanthoscelides obtectus (Boh.) and Zabrotes subfasciatus (Say) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) and its association to botanical insecticidesGuzzo, Élio César 04 April 2008 (has links)
Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de identificar genótipos de feijão Phaseolus vulgaris resistentes aos carunchos Acanthoscelides obtectus e Zabrotes subfasciatus, bem como avaliar o efeito associado desses genótipos resistentes com inseticidas de origem vegetal. Para tanto, foram utilizados acessos de P. vulgaris do Banco de Germoplasma do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas e inseticidas comerciais de origem botânica. No screening inicial, amostras dos genótipos foram infestadas com cada uma das espécies de bruquídeos separadamente, avaliando-se o número de insetos emergidos aos 50 dias após a infestação. Dos 49 genótipos testados contra A. obtecus, não houve emergência naqueles com números de acesso 525, 584 e 615, podendo ser considerados os mais resistentes. Em relação a Z. subfasciatus, os genótipos com números de acesso 2, 35, 251, 570, 583, 584, 610, 621, 634, 816, 818 e 819 se mostraram mais resistentes entre os 185 avaliados. Destes, os genótipos portadores de arcelina 583, 584, 816, 818 e 819, além de 570 e 610, foram selecionados como os mais promissores para os testes subseqüentes, juntamente com a variedade Bolinha, que foi utilizada como controle de suscetibilidade. Não foi observada correlação entre as características morfoagronômicas dos genótipos de P. vulgaris e a sua resistência às espécies de bruquídeos avaliadas, indicando que a resistência a estas pragas não está associada às características da flor, vagem, semente e fenologia dos genótipos. A massa de mil sementes, que é indicativa da origem dos genótipos, foi um dos descritores analisados, mostrando também que a resistência de P. vulgaris a A. obtectus e a Z. subfasciatus não está relacionada à origem dos genótipos. Em testes de livre escolha e de confinamento, avaliou-se o efeito dos genótipos selecionados no screening, juntamente com a variedade Bolinha, sobre o comportamento e biologia de Z. subfasciatus. Verificou-se que a avaliação da preferência de Z. subfasciatus por genótipos de P. vulgaris em teste de livre escolha pode ser feita com 1 dia após a infestação e que \'Bolinha\', apesar de ser suscetível a Z. subfasciatus e favorecer o seu desenvolvimento, apresenta antixenose para oviposição em relação à praga. Nos testes realizados, os genótipos contendo arcelina tenderam a ser mais resistentes que os demais sem essa proteína, sendo que os seus efeitos sobre Z. subfasciatus incluíram o aumento da mortalidade no período de desenvolvimento, alongamento desse período e redução do peso de adultos emergidos, mantendo-se, de certa forma, estáveis ao longo de duas gerações da praga. A resistência conferida pela arcelina revelou ser do tipo antibiose, tendo como causas a impropriedade nutricional e a ação no metabolismo do inseto. Com relação aos inseticidas botânicos, foram testados 3 produtos comerciais, sendo 2 à base de azadiractina e um à base de rotenona. Entre estes, o produto que mais afetou o desenvolvimento de Z. subfasciatus foi NeemPro®, derivado de nim (Azadirachta indica), o qual apresentou efeito ovicida e prolongou a duração do período de desenvolvimento de Z. subfasciatus. Frente a isto, avaliou-se o efeito associado de NeemPro® com o genótipo resistente portador de arcelina 818 sobre alguns parâmetros biológicos de Z. subfasciatus. Verificou-se que os efeitos mais severos sobre Z. subfasciatus foram causados pelo genótipo resistente, independentemente do inseticida à base de nim e que o uso associado de ambos não provoca efeito aditivo ou sinérgico, não sendo recomendado para o manejo de Z. subfasciatus. / This research was carried out to identify Phaseolus vulgaris genotypes resistant to the bean weevils Acanthoscelides obtectus and Zabrotes subfasciatus, as well as to evaluate the effect of these genotypes in association with botanical insecticides. To reach this objective, P. vulgaris accessions from the Germplasm Bank of Instituto Agronômico de Campinas and commercial insecticides from botanical origin were tested. In the initial screening, samples of bean genotypes were infested with the weevil species separately and the number of adults emerged at the 50th day after infestation was evaluated. There was no A. obtectus emergence in genotypes 525, 584 and 615, among the 49 ones screened against this pest. In relation to Z. subfasciatus, genotypes with accession numbers 2, 35, 251, 570, 583, 584, 610, 621, 634, 816, 818 and 819 showed themselves resistant among 185 screened ones. The arcelin-containing genotypes 583, 584, 816, 818 and 819, plus 570 and 610 (both lacking this protein), were selected as the most promising for additional evaluations. Bolinha variety was also used as the susceptible standard. No correlation between morpho-agronomical characteristics of the P. vulgaris genotypes and their resistance to the weevils was observed, indicating that resistance to these two pests is not associated to genotypes flower, pod and seed characters or plant phenology. The mass of 1000 seeds, which indicates the origin of genotypes, was one of the used descriptors, showing that P. vulgaris resistance to A. obtectus and Z. subfasciatus is not related to genotypes origin too. In free- and no-choice tests, it was evaluated the effect of the screened genotypes on Z. subfasciatus behavior and biology, compared to \'Bolinha\'. It was verified that in free-choice tests, the evaluation of Z. subfasciatus preference for P. vulgaris genotypes can be done 1 day after infestation. Despite being susceptible to Z. subfasciatus and supporting its development, \'Bolinha\' holds antixenosis for oviposition in relation to the pest. In the bioassays carried out, genotypes containing arcelin tended to be more resistant than those lacking this protein and their effects on Z. subfasciatus include increasing of the mortality in the developmental period, enlargement of this period and reduction in adult weight, also being stable during two pest generations. The resistance provided by arcelin revealed itself to be antibiosis, by acting as antinutrients and also as antimetabolics. In relation to botanical insecticides, 3 commercial products, 2 of them based on azadirachtin and 1 based on rotenone, were evaluated. The insecticide NeemPro®, extracted from neem (Azadirachta indica) was the only one significantly causing ovicidal effect and enlarging Z. subfasciatus developmental period. Based on these results, the associated effect of NeemPro® and the resistant arcelin-containing P. vulgaris genotype 818 on some Z. subfasciatus biological parameters was evaluated. It was verified that the most severe effects on Z. subfasciatus were caused by the resistant bean genotype, independently of the neem based insecticide. The associated use of these two control methods no results in additive or synergistc effect and is not recommended for the management of Z. subfasciatus.
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