Habilitationsschrift--Kiel. / Bibliography: p. [286]-298.

This thesis concerns the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (‘the CRC’) in Indonesia: The chasm between theory and practice. Despite the enactment of several laws and regulations aimed at protecting the rights of the child, Indonesia’s implementation of children’s rights remains very limited. The theme of this thesis is that, despite the existence of adequate written laws, a state can fail to achieve an effective implementation of human rights, as exemplified by Indonesia. This thesis will focus on the impact of the rule of law on the holistic well-being of children, a group that Indonesia has acknowledged plays ‘a strategic role’ and is in a ‘unique position [to ensure] the continued existence of the nation’. The development of the rule of law and its impact on the implementation of the CRC in Indonesia will be compared to Australia, a state where the CRC has been much better implemented. There is an inextricable link between the rule of law and human rights. The prevailing view is that the rule of law does not depend on written laws; the rule of law is more about the extra-legal aspects of a society, such as culture, socio-economic factors and political factors. In the absence of the rule of law, human rights can only be selectively implemented and enforced. The rights of the child are a global human rights issue, which is particularly pertinent to Indonesia, a nation with a poor record for implementing children’s rights. Children’s rights are well established in international law, largely due to the adoption of the CRC. The CRC has provided the greatest contribution to the field of children’s rights and will serve as the focus of this thesis. Apart from being the most universally ratified human rights convention in history, the CRC expressly recognises a range of children’s rights including civil, political, socio-economic and cultural rights. More importantly, the CRC shifted the responsibility for implementing children’s rights from parents and local communities to State Parties. The CRC is thus an advanced tool for assessing the standard of children’s rights internationally and for implementing change, and will be used to compare the current status of children’s rights in Indonesia and Australia. Arguably, the issue of children’s rights is complex and the implementation of children’s rights requires a multifaceted approach. This thesis will conclude with recommendations on how Indonesia can move forward to achieve a better implementation of children’s rights.

Thesis (LL. M.)--University of Toronto, 2004. / Adviser: David Stevens.

Habilitationsschrift--Kiel. / Bibliography: p. [286]-298.

Originally presented as the author's thesis, Alexandria University. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 425-[433]) and index.

This study researches the Islamic Penal System within a penological perspective. The philosophy underlying this Penal System is that every person is responsible and thus punishable for his criminal actions. Punishment could also await the offender in the Hereafter. A system of penalties and rewards is the cornerstone of the Islamic Penal System. The types of punishment that are allowed by the Shari'ah are, inter alia: the death penalty, lashes, banishment, imprisonment, crucifixion, lapidation and public exposure. There are three categories of punishment: Hadd punishment is reserved for serious offences and cannot be altered in any way whatsoever, Qisas punishment is reserved for homicide and assault, whilst Ta'zeer penalties cover the balance. Since this Penal System can only operate within a true Islamic State, it currently only operates fully in Iran and Saudi Arabia. Numerous other Muslim countries apply this system to a lesser degree, for example, Sudan and Afghanistan. / Penology / M.A. (Penology)

The current state of China’s legal system is a popular subject of on-going academic debate. Most observers of the Chinese legal system have identified China as a state of rule by law. A smaller but increasing number of analysts tend to describe China as a deficient form of the rule of law. Instead, this dissertation departs from both of the conventional views, and argues that the CCP China is a state of the transitive legal system, a middle category different from both the rule of law and rule by law state. / Arguing that the two existing models are inadequate to explain China’s legal system in the reform era since 1978, the purpose of the thesis is to develop a new model, which aims to provide a coherent interpretation of the paradoxical state of the Chinese legal system. Through definitional and doctrinal analysis of the concept of the rule of law, and inspired by Lon Fuller’s account of the “internal morality of law”, the thesis puts forward an analytical framework of legal systems comprising of two variables. One is the legitimacy type of a regime, the other the regime’s lawmaking competence. These two variables correspond to the two fundamental constitutive elements of the rule of law, i.e. the regime’s commitment to the law and the formal qualities of the law. By the two variables, legal systems can be divided into five stable categories, namely, the rule of law, the deficient rule of law, the transitive legal system, the rule by law, and rule of men. Different types of legitimacy and levels of lawmaking competence of a regime determine the category of its legal system. / In comparison to both rule by law systems whose legitimacy mainly rely on non-legal source(s), and deficient rule of law states whose legitimacy primarily depend on the formal law but whose lawmaking competence is restricted, the thesis argues that China’s legal system belongs to the category of the transitive legal system whose legitimacy (performance legitimacy in the case of reform China) is in a transitive relation to the formal law and whose lawmaking competence is restricted. While the rule by law model fails to explain why the CCP regime has proactively pursued a formal legal system, the deficient rule of law model is incapable of responding to the fact that the CCP regime has not been subjected to institutionalized constraints of the law. The transitive legal system model provides a coherent explanation for the seemingly conflicting image of China’s legal system. / The concluding chapter also applies the framework to discuss the future development of China’s legal system on two analytical levels. It is argued that while, on the first level, the CCP China’s transitive legal system is moving toward the direction of the rule of law, on the second level, a paradigmatic change between types, either from the transitive legal system to the deficient rule of law state, or to the rule by law system, is unlikely to happen in the near future. The framework may also provide implications for rule of law promotion programs and might be useful for comparative studies of legal systems all over the world. / 中国的法律制度是什么性质？大多数人认为中国充其量是法制国家，权力不受限制。少量人认为中国是缺陷型法治。然而，本文认为，法制和法治两种理论都无法充分解释改革时代中国的法律制度。本文提出，改革时代的中国是一种传递性的法律体制，是介于法制和法治之间的一种新类型。 / 本文的目的在于发展一种新的分析框架，以更好地阐释充满矛盾现象的中国法律制度。通过概念和教义分析，受朗·富勒“法律内在德性”理论的启发，本文提出了一个由两个变量构成的分析框架，分别是政权合法性的类型及其立法能力。这两个变量对应于法治的两个要素：一个政权对法律的专注度，以及法律的形式合理性。不同的合法性类型和不同层次的立法能力组合起来，形成了五种稳定的法律体制，分别是法治、有缺陷的法治、传递性法律体制、法制，和人治。 / 法制国家的合法性来源于非法律的根源，而缺陷型法治国家的合法性主要来源于合乎理性的法律，但是这类国家的立法能力一般存在问题，使得法律在文本上和实践中都存在缺陷。本研究认为，当前中国属于传递性法律体制。一方面，它的合法性来源是绩效，这是一种传递性的法律合法性。换言之，合乎形式理性的法律之所以对统治者重要，是因为它有助于实现绩效目标。但是，当存在便利的非法律手段，或法律本身成为绩效实现的障碍之时，法律会受到损害或限制。另一方面，中国的立法能力也有所欠缺，直接导致法律存在诸多不符合“内在德性”的情况。这两方面特点决定了中国属于传递性法律体制。法制理论无法解释为什么中国发展出了相当程度的形式合理性法律，而法治理论则无法解释为什么中国的执政党没有受制于制度化的法律约束。传递性法律体制理论可以很好地解释这两个看上去相互矛盾的现象。 / 本文结论部分也用这个新的分析框架讨论中国法律制度的发展趋势。中国的传递性法律体制将会往法治的方向发展，但在短期内不太可能发生类型之间的突变，也就是说不会从目前的类型变回法制，或是发展为法治。这个分析框架也可用于世界上法律体制的比较研究，还可能对法治推广项目有所启发。 / Ye, Zhusheng. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references. / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 14, September, 2016). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

This piece examines the lack of rule of law in Mexico through an analysis of police and judicial reform efforts. After providing a historical overview of the development of Mexican policing and the judicial branch, it pinpoints shortcomings of reform operations in the justice sector. It suggests that without addressing corruption and informal procedures in those institutions, meaningful reform and true rule of law in Mexico will be unlikely. The piece then focuses on civil society's capacity to bolster justice reform and act as an agent of rule of law.

This study researches the Islamic Penal System within a penological perspective. The philosophy underlying this Penal System is that every person is responsible and thus punishable for his criminal actions. Punishment could also await the offender in the Hereafter. A system of penalties and rewards is the cornerstone of the Islamic Penal System. The types of punishment that are allowed by the Shari'ah are, inter alia: the death penalty, lashes, banishment, imprisonment, crucifixion, lapidation and public exposure. There are three categories of punishment: Hadd punishment is reserved for serious offences and cannot be altered in any way whatsoever, Qisas punishment is reserved for homicide and assault, whilst Ta'zeer penalties cover the balance. Since this Penal System can only operate within a true Islamic State, it currently only operates fully in Iran and Saudi Arabia. Numerous other Muslim countries apply this system to a lesser degree, for example, Sudan and Afghanistan. / Penology / M.A. (Penology)

The Rule of Law is one of the European Union’s founding values and is not only a Treaty obligation under Article 2 Treaty on European Union but also a part of the accession criteria for potential Member States of the Union. Therefore, the Rule of Law is part of the foundation of the European Union’s institutional order, and fundamental to European integration. During the past several years concerns have been raised regarding the Rule of Law in the Union and especially regarding Poland and Hungary. The European Union has established a comprehensive response function to breaches of the Rule of Law which both Member States have been subject to. However, there are differences in the procedure and different mechanisms have been used in relation to the two Member States, and while neither the Rule of Law nor the response mechanisms available are unstudied subjects neither for social sciences nor the legal community there is a lack of research combining the two fields and comparing the Member States. This study has been conducted with the goal to fill this gap by conducting a comparative study on the Rule of Law responses at the European Union’s disposal and using Poland and Hungary as the cases addressed. The study attempts to find a correlation between the breaches within the Rule of Law committed by the Member States and the responses used by the European Union to find motivations for why it is justified to approach the Member States differently. To accomplish this the study compares first the breaches found by the European Commission in the respective Member States and then the response mechanisms used to address the concerns. By conducting this comparative analysis, the study has found significant motivations behind the different approaches used by the European Union which shows a correlation between the concerns raised and the European Union’s approach to address the concerns. The result of the study shows that it is motivated to use different approaches despite the two Member States breaching the same value.