No description available.

No description available.

A systematic investigation of the human mind's ability to self-reflect and create private interpretations of sensory data has been handicapped for years by conceptual prejudice and methodological bias. Until the arrival of the cognitive behavior therapists, little empirical attention was directed to the development of a methodology adequate enough to investigate the influence that distorted cognitive interpretations have on emotional arousal and inhibited behavioral performance. This study investigated these self-reflective mental capabilities in terms of outcome expectancies which were conceptualized in terms of guilt, and self-perceptions of performance ability which were conceptualized in terms of successfully refusing unreasonable requests. It was hypothesized that guilt entails both emotional arousal as well as the distorted and fabricated cognitive perceptions of tragic expectation, causal attribution and self-perceived helplessness and that these perceptions influence behavioral performance and self-perceptions of performance ability. It was also hypothesized that guilt relates significantly to resentment and depression. Seventy-three subjects volunteered to participate: fifty-eight women and fifteen men with a mean age of thirty-three. Subjects responded to both self-report questionnaires and open-ended self-report interviews. Seven independent raters judged the participant's responses to eight tape recorded stimulus situations to determine to what extent the responses fit the hypothesized categories. A stepwise multiple regression was used to analyze the data. The results were summarized and placed in tables. The results of the study supported the five hypotheses developed to test the general question.

The thesis is that to give insufficient recognition to international trade agreements in developing tax policies can result in distortions in international trade. It is not suggested that the objective of facilitating free trade should be paramount to sovereign interests which underlie tax policy decisions. However, the proposition is that in selecting from among alternative tax policies, the policy which should be chosen is that which achieves national objectives while minimizing distortive effects on international trade. The goals of this study are: 1) to determine whether particular tax provisions impede, distort, or otherwise have a negative and unjustifiable effect on free trade; and 2) to reflect on the intersecting role of taxation and international trade. Although many tax policies may be viewed as prima facie "discriminatory", such discrimination may be acceptable pursuant to international agreements, or overriding national interests may prevail. An attempt is made to develop a framework for examining the effects of taxation on international trade which can be used as a guide for tax policy makers in selecting policies which meet domestic criteria as well as facilitate free trade. The thesis consists of five chapters. The first f chapter sets out the methodology, conceptual framework and theoretical basis for the study. The next three chapters examine specific tax regimes in the context of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (the "GATT") and underlying principles of free trade. The tax regimes are: 1) withholding taxes for payments under software licensing arrangements; 2) research and development tax incentives; and 3) cross-border transfer pricing provisions. Chapter five summarizes the case studies and outlines approaches to fiscal harmonization under a free trade regime. The conclusion is that a GATT tax code may be an appropriate mechanism for achieving harmonization for certain tax measures. However, it is infeasible, at least in the short term, to expect a GATT tax code will be placed on the World Trade Organization's agenda. Even if such a code is attainable in the future, unilateral, bilateral and other multi-lateral approaches to eliminating distortive tax policies may be more appropriate in some cases.

No description available.

Many reforms in athletic training education requirements have been taking place in order to strengthen the profession. This research project may help make educational institutions aware of the current changes and requirements in clinical education. The purpose of this study was to determine the current practices in athletic training clinical education at National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) institutions and accredited versus non-accredited athletic training institutions.The participants (N = 93) consisted of a purposeful sample of head athletic trainers representing accredited and non-accredited athletic training education programs in the three divisions of the NCAA. The on-line survey instrument developed for this study, Current Practices in Athletic Training Clinical Education, obtained information about the demographics, clinical education of athletic training students, and the certified athletic trainer coverage of sports at NCAA institutions. The instrument was posted on an Internet website through the inQsit computer program. The respondents consisted of 28 (30.4%) head athletic trainers from Division I, 34 (37.0%) from Division II, and 30 from Division III (32.6%). Thirty-four (38.2%) respondents represented accredited athletic training education programs, 20 (22.5%) from athletic training programs in candidacy, and 35 (39.3%) from non-accredited or internship programs. Data was analyzed through percentages and frequency counts, and trend analysis and nonparametric Pearson chi square analyses. Pearson chi-square analyses revealed that Division I permits athletic training students to cover individual skill sessions and informal summer workouts unsupervised more often than the other NCAA divisions. Chi-square analyses also found that athletic training students at accredited athletic training education programs were more likely to possess CPR and first-aid certification and education on the prevention of disease transmission. A trend analysis was performed to determine the amount of time freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors spent in direct clinical supervision, supervised field experience, and unsupervised field experience. A linear relationship was found with respect to direct clinical supervision, and quadratic relationships were found with respect to supervised and unsupervised field experience. The results also revealed that athletic training programs that are accredited or candidacy were more likely to respond to 81 to 100% of the moderate risk sports within four minutes or less than those programs that are internship. The common perception of many athletic trainers regarding clinical education and the misuse of athletic training students is inconsistent with the current practices. Overall, athletic training students were seldom unsupervised for team practices and home events. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that collegiate athletic trainers have adjusted well to the recent changes in clinical education requirements and to the medical health care coverage recommended guidelines. Future research should address athletic training student and athletic training program director responses relative to their head athletic trainers' responses. / School of Physical Education

LL.M. (International Law) / Syria is currently embroiled in a bitter and bloody conflict which began three years ago, in the prime of what was commonly known as the Arab spring. The Syrian people clamoured for new leadership and greater freedoms. However, the hopes of an Arab spring soon faded into a cold, desolate Arab winter. Instead of acceding to the demands of the citizens, the Syrian president has sought to subdue and eliminate them. Resulting in August 2013 of the government forces reportedly unleashed deadly chemical weapons on opposition forces. The United Nations Security Council failed to embark on any action by this point, due to the first veto by Russia and China on 4 October 20113. The death toll subsequently peaked at over 100 000. Whilst on the 24th of November, 2013 following two days of conflict in the Eastern Ghouta region of Syria 160 people were killed. Could the devastation of Syria and its people have been avoided? Is there any organisation responsible for the safety and protection of the Syrian people? The answer lies in an organisation called the United Nations. The United Nations Security Council however has the primary responsibility to maintain international peace and security but this is not exclusive. Their primary function (as clearly stated in the United Nations Charter) is the responsibility for maintenance of international peace and security.

The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of the legislative process in the South African Parliament, especially the processing of bills. The study was confined to bills processed by the Portfolio Committee on Trade and Industry which is within, and what is known as the Economic Cluster of portfolio committees of Parliament. The main problem was to determine whether the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa is efficiently and effectively managing the processing of the bills tabled before it. A sub-problem was to determine how it can be assured that the bills passed by Parliament are of the highest standard. A second sub-problem was to try to find a balance between private bills and those introduced by the various ministries. A third sub-problem was to determine the influence of the lobby groups have on the rocessing and passing of bills in the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa. The research methodology includes a literature review, a questionnaire survey, face-to-face interviews with parliament management and a comparative study. After analysing the data collected, conclusions were drawn and recommendations made. Although the research was not comprehensive, the results should assist the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa to improve the processing of bills, thereby improving the legislative process.

Under the 1956 Labour relations Act, parties who were dissatisfied with decisions of the then Industrial Court, could appeal to the old Labour Appeal Court, and then if still further unhappiness persists, to the former Appellate Division. Such appeals entailed placing before the court the complete record of the Industrial Court, and requesting it to decide if on the evidence, it would have come to the same conclusion. Sometimes the courts of appeal decide that they would, sometimes that they would not. When planning the new Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995, the Cheadle Commission decided that this process was too slow, too technical, too cumbersome and too expansive. So it recommended that, at least in the case of the most common disputes, the issues should be decided quickly, informally and finally by arbitration. Unless the parties agree to private arbitration under the Arbitration Act, 42 of 1956, the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation & Arbitration (CCMA) would supply the arbitrators, who would exercise their powers, not under agreed terms of reference, but under the LRA itself. Like private arbitrators, those of the CCMA are also meant to dispose of matters with a minimum of legal formalities (see section 138(1) of the LRA). But the drafters of the LRA did not mean to insulate arbitration awards entirely from the watchful eye of the Labour Court. They therefore specifically provided for review of CCMA arbitrations awards in section 145, but they also gave general powers of review in section 158(1)(g) respectively of the LRA. As if the jurisdictional puzzle created by the LRA was not complex enough, the legislature added the Promotion of Justice Act 3 of 2000. It is an attempt to give expression to the constitutional right of fair labour practices and the constitutional standard of lawfulness and rationality. If section 145 limits the grounds on which commissioners’ actions can be reviewed, or if that section cannot be interpreted to reconcile it with the PAJA, it may well be that section 145 cannot pass constitutional muster - unless that section constitutes a limitation compliant with section 36 of the Constitution. That would be for the Constitutional court to decide.

The thesis is that to give insufficient recognition to international trade agreements in developing tax policies can result in distortions in international trade. It is not suggested that the objective of facilitating free trade should be paramount to sovereign interests which underlie tax policy decisions. However, the proposition is that in selecting from among alternative tax policies, the policy which should be chosen is that which achieves national objectives while minimizing distortive effects on international trade. The goals of this study are: 1) to determine whether particular tax provisions impede, distort, or otherwise have a negative and unjustifiable effect on free trade; and 2) to reflect on the intersecting role of taxation and international trade. Although many tax policies may be viewed as prima facie "discriminatory", such discrimination may be acceptable pursuant to international agreements, or overriding national interests may prevail. An attempt is made to develop a framework for examining the effects of taxation on international trade which can be used as a guide for tax policy makers in selecting policies which meet domestic criteria as well as facilitate free trade. The thesis consists of five chapters. The first f chapter sets out the methodology, conceptual framework and theoretical basis for the study. The next three chapters examine specific tax regimes in the context of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (the "GATT") and underlying principles of free trade. The tax regimes are: 1) withholding taxes for payments under software licensing arrangements; 2) research and development tax incentives; and 3) cross-border transfer pricing provisions. Chapter five summarizes the case studies and outlines approaches to fiscal harmonization under a free trade regime. The conclusion is that a GATT tax code may be an appropriate mechanism for achieving harmonization for certain tax measures. However, it is infeasible, at least in the short term, to expect a GATT tax code will be placed on the World Trade Organization's agenda. Even if such a code is attainable in the future, unilateral, bilateral and other multi-lateral approaches to eliminating distortive tax policies may be more appropriate in some cases. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate