To capture the ‘real world’ experience of institutions and policy within the Zambezi rural basin, the study highlights differences in perceptions of the policy and institutions of the water sector between those involved in management of the water sector and those using water for their livelihoods. The study is situated within the qualitative paradigm; its unit of analysis is the participants (members of households, policy makers and members of the Village Water Committee). The study has applied a grounded theory methodology (semi-structured interviews). Forty participants were interviewed in the Zambezi rural basin. The research highlights that, the National Water Supply and Sanitation Council as a national regulatory institution has not yet fully provided support in terms of regulatory framework that would enable the rural water sector to sustain the demand of the Zambezi rural basin of Zambia. Despite this, the National Water Supply and Sanitation Council have made some key progress in developing the suitable guidelines within the regulatory framework significant in the management of water sector. The study indicates that institutions such as the Village Water Committee are considered to be crucial for strengthening the water sector in the Zambezi rural basin if given a suitable legal status for its operational water activities. Furthermore, water supply and demand disparity among households in the Zambezi rural basin remains a challenge to be addressed. The study further highlights policy and institutions in terms of their effects on the quality of water and health status of households remain a major concern for the citizens.

To capture the ‘real world’ experience of institutions and policy within the Zambezi rural basin, the study highlights differences in perceptions of the policy and institutions of the water sector between those involved in management of the water sector and those using water for their livelihoods. The study is situated within the qualitative paradigm; its unit of analysis is the participants (members of households, policy makers and members of the Village Water Committee). The study has applied a grounded theory methodology (semi-structured interviews). Forty participants were interviewed in the Zambezi rural basin. The research highlights that, the National Water Supply and Sanitation Council as a national regulatory institution has not yet fully provided support in terms of regulatory framework that would enable the rural water sector to sustain the demand of the Zambezi rural basin of Zambia. Despite this, the National Water Supply and Sanitation Council have made some key progress in developing the suitable guidelines within the regulatory framework significant in the management of water sector. The study indicates that institutions such as the Village Water Committee are considered to be crucial for strengthening the water sector in the Zambezi rural basin if given a suitable legal status for its operational water activities. Furthermore, water supply and demand disparity among households in the Zambezi rural basin remains a challenge to be addressed. The study further highlights policy and institutions in terms of their effects on the quality of water and health status of households remain a major concern for the citizens.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Lucia de Almeida.pdf: 680477 bytes, checksum: 73669305be0e9e03ceb24e10edcc6932 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / There is a great concern in areas with intensive agricultural use, such as: physical structure of soil, management system, pesticides application schedule and others. Those practices are associated with environmental problems that indirectly affect the life quality as runoff and other nutrients that are carried through it. This trial studied the loss of sediments, phosphorus and total nitrogen through runoff during the cycle of soybean crop, 2007/2008, in a tillage area from Ubiratã, Paraná. The experimental design had sixteen plots with four treatments and four replications, two steepness and a green cover. The treatments were represented by T1 (soybean conventional steepness < 10 %); T2 (transgenic soybean steepness < 10 %); T3 (soybean conventional /slope/steepness > 10 %) and T4 (transgenic soybean steepness > 10 %). During the trial installation, the authors respected the steepness direction. There were eight occurrences of rainfall during the crop cycle. But, the runoff occurred only during the four first ones. The results showed that concentrations varied a lot because of the variability of drained volumes. The behavior of total nitrogen as a parameter got a good correlation with the drained volume. The parameter phosphorus obtained several concentrations despite the drained volume. Volatile solids concentrations were higher than the fixed solids ones. There was no significant effect (p &#8804; 0.05) of green cover concerning the obtained results, as well as steepness. / Em áreas com uso intensamente agrícola, a preocupação está em torno de vários aspectos, como: estrutura física do solo, sistema de manejo, planejamento na aplicação de agrotóxicos, dentre outros. Essas práticas estão associadas a problemas ambientais que atingem indiretamente a qualidade de vida como o escoamento superficial e o que é carreado através dele. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a perda de sedimentos, fósforo e nitrogênio total por escoamento superficial durante o ciclo da cultura da soja, 2007/2008, em uma área de plantio direto no município de Ubiratã, Paraná. O experimento consistiu em dezesseis parcelas condicionadas em quatro tratamentos, com quatro repetições, duas declividades e cobertura vegetal. Os tratamentos foram representados por T1 (soja convencional/Declividade < 10%), T2 (soja transgênica/Declividade < 10%), T3 (soja convencional/Declividade > 10%) e T4 (soja transgênica/Declividade >10%). Durante a instalação, respeitou-se o sentido da declividade. E, durante o ciclo da cultura, ocorreram oito precipitações. Porém, o escoamento superficial ocorreu somente nas quatro primeiras precipitações. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as concentrações foram bem variáveis devido à variabilidade dos volumes escoados. O comportamento do parâmetro nitrogênio total obteve boa correlação com o volume escoado. O parâmetro fósforo obteve concentrações variáveis apesar do volume escoado. As concentrações de sólidos voláteis foram superiores as concentrações de sólidos fixos. Estatisticamente, não foi constatado efeito da cobertura nos resultados obtidos, bem como o efeito da declividade.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Lucia de Almeida.pdf: 680477 bytes, checksum: 73669305be0e9e03ceb24e10edcc6932 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / There is a great concern in areas with intensive agricultural use, such as: physical structure of soil, management system, pesticides application schedule and others. Those practices are associated with environmental problems that indirectly affect the life quality as runoff and other nutrients that are carried through it. This trial studied the loss of sediments, phosphorus and total nitrogen through runoff during the cycle of soybean crop, 2007/2008, in a tillage area from Ubiratã, Paraná. The experimental design had sixteen plots with four treatments and four replications, two steepness and a green cover. The treatments were represented by T1 (soybean conventional steepness < 10 %); T2 (transgenic soybean steepness < 10 %); T3 (soybean conventional /slope/steepness > 10 %) and T4 (transgenic soybean steepness > 10 %). During the trial installation, the authors respected the steepness direction. There were eight occurrences of rainfall during the crop cycle. But, the runoff occurred only during the four first ones. The results showed that concentrations varied a lot because of the variability of drained volumes. The behavior of total nitrogen as a parameter got a good correlation with the drained volume. The parameter phosphorus obtained several concentrations despite the drained volume. Volatile solids concentrations were higher than the fixed solids ones. There was no significant effect (p &#8804; 0.05) of green cover concerning the obtained results, as well as steepness. / Em áreas com uso intensamente agrícola, a preocupação está em torno de vários aspectos, como: estrutura física do solo, sistema de manejo, planejamento na aplicação de agrotóxicos, dentre outros. Essas práticas estão associadas a problemas ambientais que atingem indiretamente a qualidade de vida como o escoamento superficial e o que é carreado através dele. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a perda de sedimentos, fósforo e nitrogênio total por escoamento superficial durante o ciclo da cultura da soja, 2007/2008, em uma área de plantio direto no município de Ubiratã, Paraná. O experimento consistiu em dezesseis parcelas condicionadas em quatro tratamentos, com quatro repetições, duas declividades e cobertura vegetal. Os tratamentos foram representados por T1 (soja convencional/Declividade < 10%), T2 (soja transgênica/Declividade < 10%), T3 (soja convencional/Declividade > 10%) e T4 (soja transgênica/Declividade >10%). Durante a instalação, respeitou-se o sentido da declividade. E, durante o ciclo da cultura, ocorreram oito precipitações. Porém, o escoamento superficial ocorreu somente nas quatro primeiras precipitações. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as concentrações foram bem variáveis devido à variabilidade dos volumes escoados. O comportamento do parâmetro nitrogênio total obteve boa correlação com o volume escoado. O parâmetro fósforo obteve concentrações variáveis apesar do volume escoado. As concentrações de sólidos voláteis foram superiores as concentrações de sólidos fixos. Estatisticamente, não foi constatado efeito da cobertura nos resultados obtidos, bem como o efeito da declividade.

The monitoring of flood events provide the study of the flow generated during the rains, as well as the production and sediment transport in rural and urban watersheds providing monitoring data for future applications. The work was carried out in a section of Vacacaí Mirim river near the municipality of Restinga Sêca / RS of October 02, 2014 in December 3, 2015 with 16 events monitored with liquid discharge measurement (Q) and solid discharge after occurrence of rainy events. The objective is to perform the temporal assessment of sediment yield and some methods of calculations to estimate sediment transport to the section in the study were quantified solid discharges of the cross section and the characterization of particle sizes of the transported materials. Were determined the solid and liquid discharges for the 2014 period and 2015 in order to evaluate them temporally with the solid and liquid discharges between 2007-2015 using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and coefficient of determination (r²).To analyze the results and point out that indirect method of calculation to estimate sediment transport is the most suitable for the current study and compare them with previous studies using the dispersion index (DI) proposed by Aguirre et al. (2004).. The suspended material was shown to be almost all of the solid discharge in river. The granulometric composition of this material is the predominance of silt (58.3%) Sand then (28.4%) and clay (13.4%). For the material bed and drag, there was a predominance of sand, followed by silt and clay. The total solid monthly discharge to the measurement section to 2014-2015 was 117554.62 tons in 15 months evaluated. For the period 2007-2015 the total discharge was 141,039.37 tons/year. The most appropriate methods for the total solid discharge were Einstein's methods modified by Colby and Hembree (1955), Colby (1957), which include the measured sediment concentration data, dispersion index (DI) 0.09 and 2.30 respectively. Predictive methods for overall solid discharge the most appropriate methods were Toffaleti (1969) with value DI = 1.42, Engelund & Hansen (1967) DI = 2.38, Ackers and White (1973) DI = 2.44, Laursen (1958) DI = 4.07 and Yang (1973) DI = 9.42 and unloading solid bed best results were obtained by the methods of Van Rijn (1984) DI = 0.77, Karim (1998), DI = 1.66, Meyer-Peter and Müller (1948) with 6.08 DI. / O monitoramento dos eventos de cheia proporcionam o estudo do escoamento gerado durante as chuvas, assim como, a produção e o transporte de sedimentos em bacias rurais e urbanas propiciando dados de monitoramento para futuras aplicações. O trabalho foi realizado em uma seção do rio Vacacaí Mirim próximo ao munícipio de Restinga Seca/RS, de 02 de outubro de 2014 a 03 de dezembro de 2015 com 16 eventos monitorados, com medição de descarga líquida(Q) e descarga sólida após ocorrência de eventos chuvosos. O objetivo do trabalho é realizar a avaliação temporal da produção de sedimentos e alguns métodos de cálculos para estimar o transporte de sedimentos para a seção em estudo Foram quantificadas as descargas sólidas da seção transversal e a caracterização das granulometrias dos materiais transportados. Determinaram-se as descargas sólidas e líquidas para o período de 2014 e 2015 com o intuito de avalia-las temporalmente com as descargas sólidas e líquidas entre 2007 a 2015 utilizando o índice de correlação de Pearson (r) e coeficiente de determinação (r²). Para analise dos resultados obtidos e apontar qual método indireto de calculo para estimar o transporte de sedimentos é o mais adequado para o atual estudo e compara-los com estudos anteriores com o uso do índice de dispersão (ID) proposto por Aguirre et al. (2004). O material em suspensão demonstrou ser quase totalidade da descarga sólida do rio. A composição granulométrica deste material tem a predominância de silte (58,3%) seguida de areia (28,4 %) e argila (13,4%). Para o material de leito e de arraste, constatou-se a predominância de areia, seguida de silte e argila. A descarga sólida total mensal média até a seção de medição para 2014 a 2015 foi 117.554,62 toneladas e a perda de camada de solo 0,05 mm em 15 meses avaliados. Para o período de 2007 a 2015 a descarga total foi 141.039,37 ton/ano e a perda de camada de solo foi 0,06 mm/ano.Os métodos mais adequados para o cálculo da descarga sólida total foram os métodos de Einstein modicado por Colby e Hembree (1955), Colby (1957), que incluem dados medidos de concentração de sedimentos, com Índice de dispersão(ID) 0,09 e 2,30 respectivamente. Dos métodos preditivos para descarga sólida total os métodos mais adequados foram Toffaleti (1969) com valor de ID = 1,42, Engelund & Hansen (1967) ID = 2,38, Ackers e White (1973) ID = 2,44, Laursen (1958 ) ID = 4,07 e Yang (1973) ID= 9,42 e para descarga sólida de leito os melhores resultados foram obtidos pelos métodos de Van Rijn (1984) ID = 0,77, Karim (1998) com ID = 1,66, Meyer-Peter e Müller (1948) com ID de 6,08.