0 atendimento energético a pequenas comunidades rurais na Amazônia e extremamente incipiente, porque as políticas energéticas adotadas para a zona rural no Brasil priorizam apenas os aspectos técnico-econômicos, bem como a eletrificarao via conexão à rede. Com o advento do desenvolvimento sustentável, essa postura tem recebido muitas críticas, porque negligência os aspectos sócio-ambientais. Esta dissertação apresenta uma estrutura de planejamento energético, compatível com os preceitos do desenvolvimento sustentável, para ser utilizada como mecanismo de avaliação de alternativas energéticas para pequenas comunidades da Amazônia. Nos quatro primeiros capítulos, desenvolvem- se análises críticas sobre o conceito de desenvolvimento, o contexto amazônico e a problemática energética rural. Com base nessas análises, identifica-se o desenvolvimento sustentável como a filosofia de desenvolvimento mais adequada para a Amazônia, porque ela prioriza o atendimento das necessidades básicas da população, e detecta-se que a carência energética amazônica a determinada pela implementação de políticas energéticas centralizadoras, que tern nos critérios técnico-econômicos, os únicos para viabilizar os programas de energização rural. Nos capítulos subsequentes, aplica-se a estrutura de planejamento energético elaborada, tendo como estudo de caso a comunidade do igarape Combu, localizada na Ilha do Combu, Município de Belém, Estado do Pará. Entre as conclusões deste estudo, destaca-se a necessidade da incorporação do planejamento energético nos programas de energização rural, visando identificar as alternativas de oferta mais adequadas, em termos econômicos e ambientais , a partir do conhecimento de hábitos e poder aquisitivo da população a ser beneficiada pelos programas de atendimento, para atender as demandas energéticas das pequenas comunidades da Amazônia. / The energy supply for small rural communities in Amazon is extremely poor, because of the energy policies adopted for rural areas. These Brazilian policies prioritize only the economical and technical aspects, such as electrification from the electric grid. With the advent of sustainable development that posture has received some critics, because it ignores environmental and social aspects. This dissertation presents a framework for the energy planning, compatible with the precepts of sustainable development, to be used as an evaluation mechanism for energy alternatives in small communities from Amazon. The first four chapters show a critical analysis about the concept of development, the Amazon context and the rural energy problems. Based in these analyses, the sustainable development is identified as the philosophy more adequate for the Amazon, because it prioritizes the basic needs supply. The adoption of centralized energy policies, based on economical and technical criteria, are taken as responsibles for the lack of energy observed in Amazon. The last chapters apply the energy planning framework elaborated. The community of Igarape Combu, localized in Combu island, a district of Belem city, in Para State is taken as a study case. Among the conclusions, the work highlights the necessity of the energy planning incorporation for rural areas, in order to identify the more adequate alternatives, economically and environmentally sounding and based on people income and behave, aiming energy and basic needs supply for small communities from Amazon.

Rural areas of Cameroon have limited to no availability of grid-supplied electricity, however many locations have significant hydro potential. Pico hydro (less than 5 kW generation capacity) has been identified as a promising means for rural electrification. Tests of previously implemented designs and field research in Cameroon were conducted to contextualize the design process. Field research involved end-user and artisan interviews, market research, site investigations, and artisan collaboration. Findings were used to select an axial flow propeller for the improved turbine. Detailed design used turbomachinery theory towards the development of a locally manufactured low head pico hydro turbine for rural electrification. A propeller turbine with complex blade geometries was designed but simplified to incorporate flat blade geometries to better suit the local manufacture capabilities. A prototype turbine was built and tested. The flat blade propeller turbine performed reasonably well, but was unable to achieve desired power generation targets with predefined head and flow rate conditions.

Energy poverty – the circumstance of depending on low quality fuels and inefficient end-uses, or conversely, the lack of access to modern energy services – is one of the defining global issues of our time. Access to electricity is essential to eradicating energy poverty and empowering individuals, communities and economies, to reach their potential. Globally, 1.3 billion people, mainly in less developed countries, lack access to electricity. While central grid extension often provides electricity at very low cost, the reliability of the central grid in less developed countries is so low that the priority given by policy makers to central grid extension must be questioned. Rather than maximizing the extent of often unreliable or simply unenergized central grid extensions, we demonstrate the imperative to consider a multi-track approach to electricity access that includes microgrids and high quality solar lighting products. Through case studies and modeling efforts based on extensive empirical data, we provide new insight to this imperative and elucidate the nature of the challenges and solutions for microgrids to eradicate energy poverty.

“Rural electrification” is a key element in the global energy development agenda. While being a developing country, Sri Lanka is enroot to achieve 100% of electrification at present. After the civil war ended in 2009 which lasted for more than 25 years, there has been much focus to fulfill the energy needs of the country. But the studies carried out to assess the impact of electrification are very much limited. This study focuses on meeting the gap of carrying out a scenario analysis of rural electrification and assessing the socio economic impact of electrification. The major focus has been given to see how energy system of a newly electrified village will vary over time. The research intends to identify how far the strategies used to implement a policy is realistic in the real world. Also the research extends to apply the proposed strategies to the energy model and analyze the behavior of the model. During the study a survey was carried out in a rural village in southern part of Sri Lanka and the data obtained were used to model the energy system of the village using a software called - LEAP (Long Range Energy Alternative Planning System). The energy system is simulated under different scenarios to analyze if certain strategies in the policy have been implemented in the village. Two scenarios were energy efficient lighting and energy efficient cooking stoves. A total energy balance has been carried out for the target sample with an analysis of global warming potential of the activities of the target family. The total energy consumption variation with the electrification and the percentage of energy consumed as electricity over time has been analyzed. Further the socio economic impacts of electrification have been studied. The impact of agricultural usage and economic productivity with electricity has been studied. The qualitative measures like attitude changes, modernization & technology adaptation were addressed to the extent possible.

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1990. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 204-215) / Microfiche. / xx, 215 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Thesis (M.S.)--Humboldt State University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 168-172). Also available via Humboldt Digital Scholar.

0 atendimento energético a pequenas comunidades rurais na Amazônia e extremamente incipiente, porque as políticas energéticas adotadas para a zona rural no Brasil priorizam apenas os aspectos técnico-econômicos, bem como a eletrificarao via conexão à rede. Com o advento do desenvolvimento sustentável, essa postura tem recebido muitas críticas, porque negligência os aspectos sócio-ambientais. Esta dissertação apresenta uma estrutura de planejamento energético, compatível com os preceitos do desenvolvimento sustentável, para ser utilizada como mecanismo de avaliação de alternativas energéticas para pequenas comunidades da Amazônia. Nos quatro primeiros capítulos, desenvolvem- se análises críticas sobre o conceito de desenvolvimento, o contexto amazônico e a problemática energética rural. Com base nessas análises, identifica-se o desenvolvimento sustentável como a filosofia de desenvolvimento mais adequada para a Amazônia, porque ela prioriza o atendimento das necessidades básicas da população, e detecta-se que a carência energética amazônica a determinada pela implementação de políticas energéticas centralizadoras, que tern nos critérios técnico-econômicos, os únicos para viabilizar os programas de energização rural. Nos capítulos subsequentes, aplica-se a estrutura de planejamento energético elaborada, tendo como estudo de caso a comunidade do igarape Combu, localizada na Ilha do Combu, Município de Belém, Estado do Pará. Entre as conclusões deste estudo, destaca-se a necessidade da incorporação do planejamento energético nos programas de energização rural, visando identificar as alternativas de oferta mais adequadas, em termos econômicos e ambientais , a partir do conhecimento de hábitos e poder aquisitivo da população a ser beneficiada pelos programas de atendimento, para atender as demandas energéticas das pequenas comunidades da Amazônia. / The energy supply for small rural communities in Amazon is extremely poor, because of the energy policies adopted for rural areas. These Brazilian policies prioritize only the economical and technical aspects, such as electrification from the electric grid. With the advent of sustainable development that posture has received some critics, because it ignores environmental and social aspects. This dissertation presents a framework for the energy planning, compatible with the precepts of sustainable development, to be used as an evaluation mechanism for energy alternatives in small communities from Amazon. The first four chapters show a critical analysis about the concept of development, the Amazon context and the rural energy problems. Based in these analyses, the sustainable development is identified as the philosophy more adequate for the Amazon, because it prioritizes the basic needs supply. The adoption of centralized energy policies, based on economical and technical criteria, are taken as responsibles for the lack of energy observed in Amazon. The last chapters apply the energy planning framework elaborated. The community of Igarape Combu, localized in Combu island, a district of Belem city, in Para State is taken as a study case. Among the conclusions, the work highlights the necessity of the energy planning incorporation for rural areas, in order to identify the more adequate alternatives, economically and environmentally sounding and based on people income and behave, aiming energy and basic needs supply for small communities from Amazon.

M.Ing. / This research study is about evaluating the practicability of using systems engineering approach to rural electrification project risk management. The research was motivated by rural electrification projects in South Africa that have suffered planning, design or operational problems due to uncertainties at project site level. The dissertation begins by describing the rural electrification background in the first chapter. The process of electrifying rural areas, challenges, and achievements so far in South Africa are presented. The government target for universal access to electricity is also highlighted. The next two chapters address the theory of systems engineering, and project risk management as one of the elements of project management. The theory of systems engineering approach to risk management is then applied to a typical electrification project structure. The electrification project is viewed as a system, with risk management as a sub-system of project management. A case study is presented for a rural electrification project in KwaZulu-Natal that has experienced design and operational problems. A risk system is identified from work breakdown structure, and risk hierarchy framework is produced based on project life cycle cost model. Risks are ranked in terms of their impact and probability. The aim of the study is to understand the impact of each risk on general project risk, and risk mitigation measures that should be taken to address those risks. The research finishes by drawing a conclusion that electrification projects are complex, risks are manageable, and systems thinking can be successfully used to manage electrification project risks. Risk management must focus on the project as a whole, including operation and maintenance, rather than focusing at individual project stages.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:12:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 higuchi_cap_me_botfca.pdf: 3411740 bytes, checksum: 927760eb8f275e46319878404d5bbaee (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A eletrificação rural constitui elemento de fundamental importância para o aumento da produção e aprimoramento do produto agrícola que conseqüentemente resulta num melhor nível de vida para o agricultor. Com novas e modernas tecnologias à disposição, o produtor rural tem a propriedade valorizada e pode buscar alternativas agrícolas para aumentar sua renda liquida e gerar empregos, além de estimular o mercado de produtos industrializados. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a evolução do Programa de Eletrificação Rural “Luz para Todos”, e apresentar os principais aspectos técnicos e sociais do programa, como veículo no desenvolvimento, referente aos pequenos produtores rurais na área de atuação da cooperativa de Eletrificação Rural de Itaí, Paranapanema e Avaré (CERIPA). Para tanto, foram analisados dados técnicos, financeiros e sociais, através de cadastros e planilhas, com o devido acompanhamento da implantação do Programa. Através destes dados, foi possível determinar índices técnicos e econômicos referentes à implantação do Programa e verificar a evolução do número de consumidores, a potência instalada, a energia faturada e receita bruta da cooperativa. Para a cooperativa, a implantação do programa promoveu um vetor de desenvolvimento, pois todos os consumidores atendidos, englobaram na massa de consumidores da cooperativa, tornando-a mais sólida e mais competitiva no mercado energético. Em apenas sete anos, no período de 2000 a 2006, a cooperativa teve um aumento de mais de 50% no número de ligações, dado este que se refletiu na carga instalada, triplicando o faturamento bruto. Pode-se notar no desenvolvimento deste trabalho uma forte omissão do governo com relação às metas estabelecidas e não cumpridas, onde se aplica simplesmente uma multa simbólica sobre o investimento não utilizado no programa. Não são levantados problemas... / Rural electrification is an outstanding element for production increase and agricultural product improvement which, consequently, results in better life quality for the small farmer. With new and modern technologies available, the rural producer has his property valorized and is able to search for agricultural alternatives to rise his net income and generate employment, besides stimulating the industrialized products market. This work aims to evaluate the evolution of the “Electric Lighting for All” Program and present main technical and social aspects of the program, as a vehicle of development, referring to the rural small farmers at CERIPA Rural Electrification Cooperative of Itaí, Paranapanema and Avaré. It was analyzed technical, financial and social data through registers and sheets with the proper following of the Program implantation. From the data, it was possible to determine the technical and economic indexes related to the Program settlement and verify the increase in number of consumers, installed power, the invoiced electrical energy and gross income of the Cooperative. For the Cooperative, this Program settlement promoted a vector of development, since all the attended small farmers entered the cooperative, making it more solid and competitive in the market. From 2000 to 2006, the cooperative enhanced over 50% reflecting in the installed power, triplicating the gross income.It can be noticed in this work development high omission of the government concerning the established targets not accomplished, where a symbolic tip is simply applied over the investment not used in the program. Problems are not raised, targets are not questioned; the allowance is distributed only to justify a “political willing” with the citizen.

no abstract provided by author / Master of Science