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The management framework for coastal zone management developed in this thesis was based on two fundamental principles concerned with a proper understanding of the coastal zone and a structurally representative management process. The rigorous application of these two principles within the Moray Firth resulted in the development of a four stage management framework with the potential to overcome the inadequacies of the existing planning and management regime operating within the coastal zone. The effectiveness of this framework to deal with coastal issues of concern was assessed in an investigation of conflict management and resolution through the development of a zoning scheme. The framework proved capable of answering five questions identified as having to be answered if zoning is to be used to achieve stakeholder consensus and agreement concerning conflicts of use. The management framework thus has much to recommend it as an essential requirement for the successful implementation of coastal zone management within the other twenty coastal regions identified in the UK. As opposed to earlier recommendations made concerning coastal zone management in the UK, the framework developed provides a more effective means of: (a) generating and disseminating information, (b) increasing public participation from a consultation to partnership level, (c) increasing communication between and awareness of stakeholders, (d) reaching management decisions regarding coastal issues of concern, and (e) implementing and enforcing management decisions. These products of the management framework result in the co-ordinated management of the coastal zone.

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A detailed literature review reveals the need for further study of several aspects of road accidents to child pedestrians in urban areas. Some of these aspects are explored using data for selected residential parts of five urban areas in Britain. Road accidents in the five study areas are examined using Local Authority accident data, police accident reports, local knowledge, and data from the 1981 census of population. Variations in occurrence of these accidents are analysed using variables such as age and sex of the child, type of location, distance from home, severity, and time of occurrence. Collection and analysis of data concerning exposure on journeys to and from school and during some other uses of the roads are described. Data on journeys to or from school was collected by questionnaire from most of the schools in each of the study areas. Analysis examines several features of exposure including mode of travel, accompaniment, time spent outside, distance travelled, and the number of roads crossed. These features are analysed for different groups of people, at different times, and in different sorts of area. Where possible results are related to accidents to produce measures of risk. Data on journeys other than those to and from school, with particular emphasis on play, was collected in two of the study areas by direct observation of children on the streets. These observations were carried out to a preset schedule, using routes predefined on the basis of accident and other local information. Analysis examines the variety of children using the roads in different areas and time periods. Where possible, accident data and traffic flow information are related to the results to produce measures of accident risk. Suggestions for preventative measures, and for additional research, both within these study areas and more widely, are given.