Durch Biotemplating mit bakteriellen Oberflächenproteinen, sogenannten S-Layer Proteinen können Metallcluster mit einer definierten Größe und Verteilung auf verschiedensten Oberflächen abgeschieden werden. Damit eröffnet sich die Möglichkeit der gezielten Präparation heterogener Katalysatoren. Mit der Kalorimetrie sollen die katalytischen Eigenschaften von mit Platin belegten S-Layer Präparationen am Beispiel der Kohlenmonoxidoxidation vorgestellt werden. Es werden geträgerte Katalysatoren und katalytisch aktive Schichten untersucht. Der Fokus liegt bei den Katalysatorschüttungen auf der Charakterisierung der katalytischen Eigenschaften und resultierend daraus auf einer Optimierung der Präparation. Für die Untersuchungen der katalytisch aktiven Schichten muss im Unterschied zu den Katalysatorschüttungen eine neuartige miniaturisierte Anordnung auf der Basis von Pt 1000 Widerstandsthermometern entwickelt werden. Dabei werden auch Parameter, die für eine spätere sensorische Applikation von Bedeutung sind, untersucht.

Durch Biotemplating mit bakteriellen Oberflächenproteinen, sogenannten S-Layer Proteinen können Metallcluster mit einer definierten Größe und Verteilung auf verschiedensten Oberflächen abgeschieden werden. Damit eröffnet sich die Möglichkeit der gezielten Präparation heterogener Katalysatoren. Mit der Kalorimetrie sollen die katalytischen Eigenschaften von mit Platin belegten S-Layer Präparationen am Beispiel der Kohlenmonoxidoxidation vorgestellt werden. Es werden geträgerte Katalysatoren und katalytisch aktive Schichten untersucht. Der Fokus liegt bei den Katalysatorschüttungen auf der Charakterisierung der katalytischen Eigenschaften und resultierend daraus auf einer Optimierung der Präparation. Für die Untersuchungen der katalytisch aktiven Schichten muss im Unterschied zu den Katalysatorschüttungen eine neuartige miniaturisierte Anordnung auf der Basis von Pt 1000 Widerstandsthermometern entwickelt werden. Dabei werden auch Parameter, die für eine spätere sensorische Applikation von Bedeutung sind, untersucht.

S-layer proteins of S. ureae ATCC 13881 form on the cell surface an S-layer lattice with p4 square type symmetry and a period of about 13.5 nm. These lattices were shown to be the excellent nanotemplates for deposition of regular metal clusters. The synthesis of the S. ureae S-layer protein is highly efficient, the protein accounts for approximately 10-15 % of the total cell protein content, judged by the SDS-PAGE results. Besides, the S-layer protein production is tightly regulated, since only negligible amounts of S-layer proteins are observed in the medium at different cell growth phases. At the same time, mechanisms of the regulation of S-layer protein synthesis are poorly understood. As several hundreds of S-layer proteins are produced per second during the cell growth, the S-layer gene promoters are among the strongest prokaryotic promoters at all. However, little is known about factors regulating the expression of S-layer genes, furthermore, no experimental identification of other upstream regulatory sequences except for -35/-10 and RBS sequences was presented to our knowledge to date. A sequence of the S-layer gene of S. ureae ATCC 13881, encoding the previously described S-layer protein, was identified in this work by combination of different approaches. The largest part of the gene, excluding its upstream regulatory and ORF 5’ regions, was isolated from a genomic library by hybridization. The sequence of the isolated fragment proved to contain additionally an 1.9 kb non-coding region and an incomplete 0.8 kb ORF region in its 3’-part. No RBS sequence and apparent promoter regions could be identified in front of the latter sequence, suggesting that it might represent a pseudogene sequence. The sequences of the 5’ and upstream regions of the S. ureae ATCC 13881 S-layer gene were identified by combination of PCR-sequencing and chromosome walking. Totally, a sequence of the 6.4 kb long region of S. ureae genomic DNA was established. The sequence of the S. ureae S-layer protein was deduced from the respective gene sequence and agreed with the peptide sequences, obtained after N-terminal sequencing of tryptic peptides of the S. ureae ATCC 13881 S-layer protein. For the protein the name SslA was proposed, which is an abbreviation for “Sporosarcina ureae S-layer protein A”. Several specific features were observed in gene organisation of sslA, which are also characteristic for other S-layer genes. The distance between the -35/-10 region and the ATG initiation codon is unusually long and a 41 bp palindromic sequence is present in the immediate vicinity of the -35/-10 region. Besides, a distant location of the rho-independent transcription terminator, which is 647 bp remote from the stop codon, will result in the mRNA transcripts with unusually long trailer region. Both the long 5’ UTR and the long 3’ trailer may have a regulatory function, either by conferring increased mRNA stability and/or by affecting translation efficiency. Potentially these sequences may define the binding sites of regulatory proteins. For example, palindromic sequences constitute the regulatory sites in several bacterial operons and may act as the binding sites of regulatory dimeric proteins. In respect to the conservation of the sslA sequence high similarity to the sequences of other functional S-layer genes, especially the slfA and slfB genes of B. sphaericus, was observed, whereas the results of phylogenetic analysis support the hypothesis that S-layer genes may have evolved via the lateral gene transfer. Based on the sslA sequence, several recombinant proteins with truncations of the terminal protein parts or C-terminal fusion of either EGFP or histidine tags were constructed. For all the truncated or EGFP-fusion SslA derivatives high level overexpression in E. coli was possible. For native SslA a moderate level of expression was observed suggesting that its high intracellular concentration may downregulate the protein synthesis. Interestingly, fluorescence microscopy indicates the same intracellular localization for heterologously produced recombinant proteins with fusions of EGFP either to the precursor or to the native SslA protein, suggesting that SslA secretion signal is not functional in E. coli. Heterologously produced SslA derivatives with truncations of N-, C- or both N- and C-terminal parts were shown to self- assemble in vitro, although the size of self-assembly structures was different from that observed upon the self-assembly of the native SslA. In the latter case extended self-assembly layers with the size up to 5x10 µm were observed, with a surface area of up to two orders of magnitude higher than that of S-layer patches, routinely isolated from S. ureae surface. Dependent on the applied recrystallization conditions preferential formation of single- or multilayer self-assembly structures was observed.

S-layer proteins of S. ureae ATCC 13881 form on the cell surface an S-layer lattice with p4 square type symmetry and a period of about 13.5 nm. These lattices were shown to be the excellent nanotemplates for deposition of regular metal clusters. The synthesis of the S. ureae S-layer protein is highly efficient, the protein accounts for approximately 10-15 % of the total cell protein content, judged by the SDS-PAGE results. Besides, the S-layer protein production is tightly regulated, since only negligible amounts of S-layer proteins are observed in the medium at different cell growth phases. At the same time, mechanisms of the regulation of S-layer protein synthesis are poorly understood. As several hundreds of S-layer proteins are produced per second during the cell growth, the S-layer gene promoters are among the strongest prokaryotic promoters at all. However, little is known about factors regulating the expression of S-layer genes, furthermore, no experimental identification of other upstream regulatory sequences except for -35/-10 and RBS sequences was presented to our knowledge to date. A sequence of the S-layer gene of S. ureae ATCC 13881, encoding the previously described S-layer protein, was identified in this work by combination of different approaches. The largest part of the gene, excluding its upstream regulatory and ORF 5’ regions, was isolated from a genomic library by hybridization. The sequence of the isolated fragment proved to contain additionally an 1.9 kb non-coding region and an incomplete 0.8 kb ORF region in its 3’-part. No RBS sequence and apparent promoter regions could be identified in front of the latter sequence, suggesting that it might represent a pseudogene sequence. The sequences of the 5’ and upstream regions of the S. ureae ATCC 13881 S-layer gene were identified by combination of PCR-sequencing and chromosome walking. Totally, a sequence of the 6.4 kb long region of S. ureae genomic DNA was established. The sequence of the S. ureae S-layer protein was deduced from the respective gene sequence and agreed with the peptide sequences, obtained after N-terminal sequencing of tryptic peptides of the S. ureae ATCC 13881 S-layer protein. For the protein the name SslA was proposed, which is an abbreviation for “Sporosarcina ureae S-layer protein A”. Several specific features were observed in gene organisation of sslA, which are also characteristic for other S-layer genes. The distance between the -35/-10 region and the ATG initiation codon is unusually long and a 41 bp palindromic sequence is present in the immediate vicinity of the -35/-10 region. Besides, a distant location of the rho-independent transcription terminator, which is 647 bp remote from the stop codon, will result in the mRNA transcripts with unusually long trailer region. Both the long 5’ UTR and the long 3’ trailer may have a regulatory function, either by conferring increased mRNA stability and/or by affecting translation efficiency. Potentially these sequences may define the binding sites of regulatory proteins. For example, palindromic sequences constitute the regulatory sites in several bacterial operons and may act as the binding sites of regulatory dimeric proteins. In respect to the conservation of the sslA sequence high similarity to the sequences of other functional S-layer genes, especially the slfA and slfB genes of B. sphaericus, was observed, whereas the results of phylogenetic analysis support the hypothesis that S-layer genes may have evolved via the lateral gene transfer. Based on the sslA sequence, several recombinant proteins with truncations of the terminal protein parts or C-terminal fusion of either EGFP or histidine tags were constructed. For all the truncated or EGFP-fusion SslA derivatives high level overexpression in E. coli was possible. For native SslA a moderate level of expression was observed suggesting that its high intracellular concentration may downregulate the protein synthesis. Interestingly, fluorescence microscopy indicates the same intracellular localization for heterologously produced recombinant proteins with fusions of EGFP either to the precursor or to the native SslA protein, suggesting that SslA secretion signal is not functional in E. coli. Heterologously produced SslA derivatives with truncations of N-, C- or both N- and C-terminal parts were shown to self- assemble in vitro, although the size of self-assembly structures was different from that observed upon the self-assembly of the native SslA. In the latter case extended self-assembly layers with the size up to 5x10 µm were observed, with a surface area of up to two orders of magnitude higher than that of S-layer patches, routinely isolated from S. ureae surface. Dependent on the applied recrystallization conditions preferential formation of single- or multilayer self-assembly structures was observed.