Ces dernières années, il est apparu que les espèces réactives de l'oxygène (ROS) ne sont pas seulement des substances délétères qui induisent des dommages de molécules biologiques, mais qu’elles sont également impliquées dans la signalisation cellulaire. Des niveaux contrôlés de H2O2 sont en particulier impliqués dans le processus de régénération chez différentes espèces. Nous avons donc étudié la régulation de la signalisation de H2O2 au cours de régénération de la nageoire caudale chez le poisson zèbre adulte. Nous avons montré que les nerfs contrôlent les niveaux de H2O2 à la fois dans les tissus normaux et après blessure; ce processus est médié par les cellules de Schwann qui expriment Shh. En plus, H2O2 stimule la croissance des nerfs, ce qui suggère la présence d'une boucle de rétrocontrôle positif.Les niveaux redox sont très dynamiques non seulement lors de la régénération, mais aussi au coursdu développement. Nous avons ensuite examiné le rôle de H2O2 pendant la morphogenèse et plusprécisément, son impact sur la croissance axonale et sa relation avec la signalisation Shh. Nous avons constaté que la réduction des niveaux de H2O2, normalement très élevé au cours de la morphogenèse, altère les projections axonales et que cet effet peut être sauvé par l'activation de la voie de signalisation de Shh.Les cibles de la signalisation redox comprennent des protéines dont l'activité est dépendante d'une cystéine, car l'état d'oxydation de cet acide aminé peut être modifié par les niveaux de H2O2. Le processus de S-acylation, qui est très important pour le processus de croissance des projections axonales et pour la voie de signalisation de Shh, consiste en la fixation covalente d'un acide gras, souvent le palmitate, au group sulfurique d’une cysteine et il est donc une cible potentielle de signalisation de ROS. Nous avons mis en évidence une corrélation entre le niveau de palmitoylationd’une protéine et les niveaux de H2O2 dans la cellule. La pertinence de cette observation estactuellement testée in vivo. / In the recent years it is becoming evident that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are not only deleterious compounds that induce damage of biological molecules, but are also important molecules that can mediate different signaling pathways. Controlled ROS, and in particular H2O2, levels have been found to be involved in the regenerative process of different species. We then focused on the regulation of H2O2 signaling during regeneration of the adult zebrafish caudal finand we showed that nerves control H2O2 levels both in normal tissue and after lesioning; this process is mediated by Schwann cells, through Shh signaling. In addition, there is also a reciprocal action of H2O2 on nerve growth, suggesting the presence of a positive feedback loop.Redox levels are highly dynamic not only during regeneration, but also during development. We then looked at the role of H2O2 during morphogenesis and more specifically, its impact on axonal growth and its relationship with Shh signaling. We found that reduction of H2O2 levels, normally very high during morphogenesis, impairs axon projections and that this effect can be rescued by the activation of Shh signaling. Moreover, we found that different redox levels modify the intracellulardistribution of Shh protein and also its extracellular availability. These results further strengthen the relationship between H2O2 and Shh signaling pathways.It is widely accepted that targets of redox signaling include proteins whose activity is dependent on an active cysteine because the oxidative status of this amino acid can be modified by H2O2 levels.The process of S-acylation, which is very important for both the processes of axonal projections growth and Shh signaling, consists in the covalent attachment of a fatty acid, often palmitate, to a cysteine sulphur and it is then a possible target of ROS signaling. We asked whether a relationship between H2O2 levels and protein S-palmitoylation could exist and we found that augmentation of H2O2 levels downregulates the S-palmitoylation process. The relevance of this observation iscurrently being tested in vivo.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are critical determinants of neuronal excitability. They set the threshold for action potential generation. The VGSC isoform Nav1.6 participates in various physiological processes and contributes to distinct pathological conditions, but how Nav1.6 function is differentially regulated in different cell types and subcellular locations is not clearly understood. Some VGSC isoforms are subject to S-palmitoylation and exhibit altered functional properties in different S-palmitoylation states. This dissertation investigates the role of S-palmitoylation in Nav1.6 regulation and explores the consequences of S-palmitoylation in modulating neuronal excitability in physiological and pathological conditions. The aims of this dissertation were to 1) provide biochemical and electrophysiological evidence of Nav1.6 regulation by S-palmitoylation and identify specific S-palmitoylation sites in Nav1.6 that are important for excitability modulation, 2) determine the biophysical consequences of epilepsy-associated mutations in Nav1.6 and employ computational models for excitability prediction and 3) test the modulating effects of S-palmitoylation on aberrant Nav1.6 activity incurred by epilepsy mutations. To address these aims, an acyl-biotin exchange assay was used for Spalmitoylation detection and whole-cell electrophysiology was used for channel characterization and excitability examination. The results demonstrate that 1) Nav1.6 is biochemically modified and functionally regulated by S-palmitoylation in an isoform- and site-specific manner and altered S-palmitoylation status of the channel results in substantial changes of neuronal excitability, 2) epilepsy associated Nav1.6 mutations affect different aspects of channel function, but may all converge to gain-of-function alterations with enhanced resurgent currents and increased neuronal excitability and 3) S-palmitoylation can target specific Nav1.6 properties and could possibly be used to rescue abnormal channel function in diseased conditions. Overall, this dissertation reveals S-palmitoylation as a new mechanism for Nav1.6 regulation. This knowledge is critical for understanding the potential role of S-palmitoylation in isoform-specific regulation for VGSCs and providing potential targets for the modulation of excitability disorders. / 2022-05-06

No description available.