This thesis draws attention to the overlooked period of English avant-garde activity that arose in response to the Situationist International (SI, 1957-1972). I attempt to consolidate the continued literary, political and artistic relevance of the disparate manifestations of English Situationist practices, while reflecting more broadly on the Anglicisation of Continental avant-garde traditions. The thesis contributes also to the ongoing re-evaluation of the SI through its peripheral and international permutations. The thesis presents an historical narrative in four stages. The first follows the formation of the Surrealist Group in England and its transformation into Mass- Observation. This activity in the Thirties is both prolepsis to and prehistory of the English Situationist tradition, which begins at the thesis's second stage, in the early Sixties, with the novelist and cultural organiser Alexander Trocchi, one of the first British members of the SI. The third stage introduces the short-lived English Section of the SI and its immediate precursor and successor groups of the late Sixties, all of whom undertook a cultural translation of the SI's project. The thesis's final stage identifies contemporary manifestations of what I argue is an English Situationist poetics, which exists independently of self-identifying avant-garde groups. Interwoven through my historical narrative are investigations of three recurring problems: the problem of ‘Englishness', and its perceived incompatibility with Continental avant-gardism; the problem of influence, whereby neo-avantgardism is dismissed as the hollow repetition of early twentieth century formations; and the Situationist problem of the radical aesthetic object's subsumption to a commodity economy. I offer readings of novels, films and visual materials; of tracts, manifestos and journal debates; and of theorists (especially Rancière) whose perspectives on history and political aesthetics are productively dissonant with those of the SI. Anglicised Situationist practices, I propose, are valuable precisely for their contestation of and movement through Situationist theory.

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(1) Evidence is presented that the ''Funnel Canal Organs" described by Luther (1930) are not contact chemoreceptors. (2) Experiments are described which indicate that the Funnel Canal Organ is a mechanoreceptor which responds to strain applied to the cuticle. (3) Histological observations suggest that these sense organs are actually campaniform sensilla which occur both singly and in groups, to form compound sense organs. (4) The relationship between campaniform and chordotonal organs is discussed. (5) Further experiments show that a large variety of chemoreceptor hairs exits. Most are branched and there is a negative correlation between the surface area of the hair (degree of branching) and the amount of irrigation to which the hair is normally subject. (6) The view is expressed that the concert of contact chemoreception is of limited use when considering aquatic Crustacea. The Hair Plate Organs of the chelate pereiopods are suggested as the only chemoreceptor organs in aquatic Decapoda which fulfil a true contact role.

The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first contains notation and fundamental results. The others contain a number of theorems on Riesz summability, ordinary in the second, absolute in the third and strong in the fourth. The substance of chapter II has appeared in the Proceedings of the Glasgow Mathermatical Association.

1. Head movement in the locust Schistocerca gregaria is mediated by 14 pairs of muscles. The normal motor output to, and the innervation pattern and muscle fibre spectrum of many of these muscles have been examined by a variety of histological and experimental techniques. 2. The anatomy, histology and the fine structure of the neck muscalature and innervation have been examined by both light and electron microscopy. The axons to some muscles have been traced by serial sections from the ganglion of origin to the muscle concerned, and axon counts of each motor nerve have been made. 3. The inervation pattern of many muscles has been investigated by recording with two intracellular microelectrodes from different fibres of the same or different muscles during graded stimulation of the motor nerve or nerves. 4. Both the normal motor output to, and the innervation pattern and muscle fibre spectrum of, many muscles have been investigated in the intact insect by recording with two intracellular microelectrodes from different fibres of a muscle during optokinetic nystagmus elicited by rotation of a striped drum in the visual field. Each electrode is inserted through a small hole in the exoskeleton into a fibre of the muscle close to its fixed insertions on the prothorax. 5. The sensory innervation of the neck and prothoras has been examined, and some of the sense organs are described. A chordotonal organ is attached to each lateral longitudinal muscle of the neck, and the system is so arranged as to be ideally situated for monitoring lateral head movement. The sense organ is shown to serve such a proprioceptive function. Chordotonal organs attached to muscles have not been previously described in insects. 6. A number of structural differences are found between muscle fibres, and each muscle contains a variety of muscle fibre types classified on the basis of electrical responsiveness to innervation. In one muscle, a definite correlation is shown between the structural and physiological differences between different muscle fibres. In this muscle, the larger fibres are of phasic type and have shorter sarcomeres and smaller fibres are of tonic type and have longer sarcomeres. In general, however, the structural differences between fibres in different muscles are greater than the differences between fibres in the same muscle.

The ion-polymer and ion-ion interactions in polymer electrolytes based on high molecular weight, amorphous methoxy-linked PEO (PMEO) and lithium salts have been investigated by conductivity measurement, magic-angle spinning NMR (mas NMR) and pulsed field gradient NMR (pfgNMR) techniques. In the very dilute salt concentration region, ion pairing effects are dominant in these polymer electrolytes. Ion association is found to increase with temperature and salt concentration. Ion transport for these electrolytes is controlled both by segmental motion of the polymer and activation process, in which the former is important for the dilute concentration samples while the latter is important for the concentrated samples. The mass transport process in polymer electrolytes based on a zinc salt has been investigated by steady state dc polarisation and Hittorf techniques. Zinc ion constituents in these electrolytes are mobile with a limiting current fraction of about 0.2 at 80°C, and the transference number measured by the Hittorf method is less than 0.1. The main species in these electrolytes are proposed to be neutral mobile triples. The electrode-electrolyte interfaces in polymer electrolytes based on calcium and magnesium salts have been studied. Dc polarisation experiments for these polymer electrolytes were carried out using two electrode cells with the metal anode and mercury film amalgam cathode. The results of dc polarisation experiments suggest that calcium species are mobile in high molecular weight electrolytes, while magnesium species are immobile. The influence of the molecular weight of the polymer on the dynamics of cation constituents has been studied based on the experimental results of dc polarisation and pfg NMR, and on the theoretical analyses of the reptation theory and the Rouse model. It is found that the transport of the gravity centre of the polymer will influence the ion transport in polymer electrolytes based on PEO in a manner described by the Rouse model when the molecular weight of PEO is less than 3200.

DNA double-strand breaks (dsb) are thought to be major radiation-induced lesions in biological end-points such as cell lethality and chromosome aberrations. Based on this notion, this project aimed to extend further the investigation of the role of dsb in radiation-induced mutagenesis. The initial part of the project involved optimising conditions for the mutation assay so as to select for 'true' tk-mutants in Chinese hamster cells, following treatment with X-rays. This was important, due to the insufficient previous mutation data involving this locus in Chinese hamster cells. Furthermore, the choice of the tk locus over the more commonly used hprt locus was based on existing evidence of its higher sensitivity, as found in mutation experiments with the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell line (Evans et al, 1986). An Initial comparative study was carried out to measure the induced mutation frequency following X-ray irradiation in both the parent Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO KI) cell line and its X-ray- sensitive mutant (xrs 5) cell line. This mutant line was chosen because of its characteristic marked deficiency in dsb repair, yet normal ability to rejoin single-strand breaks (Kemp et al, 1984., Costa and Bryant, 1988). This allowed the study of the role of dsb in mutation induction. The enhanced mutation induction observed in xrs 5 over that in CHO KI cells suggested the Importance of dsb in radiation-induction mutagenesis. The next experimental strategy adopted involved the use of the DNA synthesis inhibitor, 9-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara A). The choice of this drug was based on previous work by Bryant and Blocher (1982) and Iliakis and Bryant (1983) who, using DNA unwinding and neutral velocity sedimentation, showed ara A to strongly inhibit dsb repair, Plateau-phase CHO KI cells were exposed to X-rays alone or in combination width ara A , the latter treatment showing an increased induction of mutations. This suggested the possible existence of dsb which are fixed as mutations in the absence of DNA polymerization, suggesting a sub-class of dsb which may be critical in the steps leading to the induction of a mutation. XV The third approach was to use restriction endonucleases (RE) which were introduced into cells by electroporation. This method unlike ionising radiation, induced 'pure' dsb. The use of this method was based on the work of Bryant (1984), who used RE to mimic radiation-induced damage in the induction of chromosomal aberrations. Two different types of RE were used: those which produce blunt- and those which produce cohesive-ended dsb. In all mutation experiments with these enzymes, blunt-ended dsb were found to be more effective in generating mutations compared to cohesive-ended dsb. This suggests a possible further resolution of type(s) of dsb that would be induced by radiation in the ability to induce mutations i.e dependent on the end-structure of the induced dsb. Blunt-ended dsb may thus represent the major type of critical pre-mutational lesions which may be fixed as a mutation, as a result of misrepair. Cohesive- ended dsb may be of lesser importance. Finally, a RE (Pvu II) which generates blunt-ended dsb was used to induce mutations at the hprt locus in Chinese hamster (V79) cells. DNA from mutant cells was analysed using Southern blot and PCR analysis of 3 exons in the hprt gene. Some of the mutants (5/15) showed large deletions (representing complete loss of the gene), a change similar to that observed in mutants Induced following treatment with ionising radiation (e.g. Thacker, 1986). However, the percentage of large deletion mutants (70%) observed in radiation- induced mutants was higher than that (~34%) obtained with RE- induced mutation data. This preliminary data on the analysis of RE- induced mutations suggests that blunt-ended dsb mimics radiation- induced pre-mutational lesions, resulting in some large genomic changes (e.g. large deletions). However, a larger number of RE- induced mutants would have to be analysed before a more accurate comparison between RE and ionising mutation data can be made. In summary, this study provides evidence for dsb as a major pre-mutational lesion in cells exposed to ionising radiation, and suggests the existence of a sub-class of dsb in relation to mutation induction. In addition, RE offer the possibility of gaining further understanding of the role of dsb in the origin of mutations such as those caused by deletions.

The acoustic characteristics of a point-reacting duct liner that consists of a porous facing sheet backed by cellular cavities are derived by examining the wave propagation within the liner. The relation between the derived expression for the liner acoustic admittance and a semi-empirical formula that is widely used in the literature is discussed. The influence of the liner on acoustic propagation in a duct is examined for the case of a plane duct that carries a uniform mean flow. Numerical results for the attenuation rates vs. frequency are presented. These results. are of three types: (1) comparisons with previously published results for no backing cavity and no mean flow are made, and these results are extended to include the effects of the mean flow; (2) results of parametric variations of the liner dimensions are presented to assess the relative influence of the facing-sheet thickness and the cavity depth; (3) results from the derived expression for liner specific admittance and from the semi-empirical formula are compared in order to determine the significance of the wave propagation within the porous material and to determine the range of validity of the semi-empirical formula. / Master of Science

This work investigates molecular opacities under conditions appropriate to the atmospheres of late-type stars. Given a specified initial abundance of the chemical elements, the equations of atomic ionization and molecular dissociation are solved by iteration for various temperatures and densities. With the abundances of the atomic and molecular species so determined at a particular temperature and density, the continuous absorption coefficient due to a number of processes is first computed, then the molecular band absorption coefficient is computed line-by-line superimposed for diatomic and triatomic molecules considered separately. The band calculations for the diatomic molecules include all possible isotopic variants, but computing resources did not permit this degree of detail for triatomic molecules, nor diatomic and triatomic molecules to be considered together. These calculations are performed for a number of different temperatures and densities. The theory for calculating the spectral lines due to molecules is discussed in some detail, with various methods being investigated for computing opacities including the contributions from these spectral lines. With the computing resources available, the best method for the calculation of the opacity due to the molecular absorption is found to be that of opacity sampling, sampling is adequate, provided the frequency of sampling is adequate. From the results presented in this thesis, a number of important conclusions can be drawn. At low temperatures and high densities, pressure-induced absorption due to molecular hydrogen is an important source of continuous opacity. Isotopic variants of at least diatomic molecules pave to be considered in any calculations, as they can significantly affect the contribution that diatomic molecules make to the Rosseland mean opacities. Also at low temperatures, water is a major source of absorption. Finally, tables of some thermodynamic quantities for the molecular gas are given for a number of temperatures and densities.