Com o quadro de escassez hídrica apresentado nos últimos anos no estado de São Paulo, cada vez é mais evidente a necessidade do planejamento e gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos de forma racional, compartilhada e sustentável. Além do aumento da demanda por água devido ao contínuo crescimento populacional, somam-se, ao desafio da gestão integrada dos recursos hídricos, as alterações climáticas que vêm sendo observadas ao longo das últimas décadas. Diante a situação apresentada, essa pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar, de forma quantitativa, as possíveis alterações no regime hidrológico no conjunto de reservatórios do Sistema Cantareira, em diferentes cenários de mudanças climáticas futuras. O simulador climático MAGICC/SCENGEN foi utilizado para estimar as alterações climáticas previstas para o ano de 2100 em dois diferentes cenários de emissões de gases de efeito estufa, A1FIMI e B2MES. As variações de temperatura e precipitação foram incorporadas às séries climatológicas observadas na região em estudo. Para simular o comportamento das bacias contribuintes ao Sistema Cantareira, foi selecionado o modelo hidrológico SMAP (Soil Moisture Accounting Procedure). As séries alteradas de temperatura e precipitação serviram como dados de entrada do modelo hidrológico calibrado. As séries de vazões originadas desse processo, referentes aos dois cenários futuros A1FIMI e B2MES, foram comparadas às séries de vazões simuladas pelo modelo hidrológico no período de 1990 a 2010. Os resultados indicam queda no regime de vazões para os dois cenários futuros analisados, com diminuição mais acentuada para o cenário A1FIMI, de alta emissão de gases de efeito estufa. A diminuição nas vazões mostra-se preocupante, principalmente por se tratar do principal sistema de abastecimento da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, o que traz à tona a necessidade de repensar as medidas adotadas para a exploração dos recursos hídricos no Sistema Cantareira. / The recent water shortages in the state of São Paulo, highlight the increasingly need for rational and sustainable water resources management. The increase in water demand due to continuous populational growth associated with climate changes observed in the past decades challenge the integrated management of water resources. Given this context, this research aimed to evaluate possible changes in the hydrological cycle of the Cantareira System reservoirs associated to different future climate change scenarios. A climate scenario generator (MAGICC/SCENGEN) was used to estimate the climate for the year 2100 with two different greenhouse gas emissions scenarios, A1FIMI and B2MES. Variations in temperature and precipitation were incorporated into climatological series observed in the study area. The SMAP (Soil Moisture Accounting Procedure) hydrologic model was used to simulate the behavior of the Cantareira System catchment basins. The altered temperature and precipitation series were used as input data in the calibrated hydrologic model. The discharge series of the two future scenarios obtained were compared to discharges simulated in recent climate conditions (series from 1990 to 2010) with the same hydrologic model. The results show a drop in the discharge series for the two future scenarios analyzed, with more marked decrease for A1FIMI, a scenario with higher greenhouse gases emissions. The decrease in discharge rates is a concern, especially because the Cantareira System is the main water system to supply São Paulo´s metropolitan area. This highlights a need to rethink the water use and management in the Cantareira System.

Com o quadro de escassez hídrica apresentado nos últimos anos no estado de São Paulo, cada vez é mais evidente a necessidade do planejamento e gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos de forma racional, compartilhada e sustentável. Além do aumento da demanda por água devido ao contínuo crescimento populacional, somam-se, ao desafio da gestão integrada dos recursos hídricos, as alterações climáticas que vêm sendo observadas ao longo das últimas décadas. Diante a situação apresentada, essa pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar, de forma quantitativa, as possíveis alterações no regime hidrológico no conjunto de reservatórios do Sistema Cantareira, em diferentes cenários de mudanças climáticas futuras. O simulador climático MAGICC/SCENGEN foi utilizado para estimar as alterações climáticas previstas para o ano de 2100 em dois diferentes cenários de emissões de gases de efeito estufa, A1FIMI e B2MES. As variações de temperatura e precipitação foram incorporadas às séries climatológicas observadas na região em estudo. Para simular o comportamento das bacias contribuintes ao Sistema Cantareira, foi selecionado o modelo hidrológico SMAP (Soil Moisture Accounting Procedure). As séries alteradas de temperatura e precipitação serviram como dados de entrada do modelo hidrológico calibrado. As séries de vazões originadas desse processo, referentes aos dois cenários futuros A1FIMI e B2MES, foram comparadas às séries de vazões simuladas pelo modelo hidrológico no período de 1990 a 2010. Os resultados indicam queda no regime de vazões para os dois cenários futuros analisados, com diminuição mais acentuada para o cenário A1FIMI, de alta emissão de gases de efeito estufa. A diminuição nas vazões mostra-se preocupante, principalmente por se tratar do principal sistema de abastecimento da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, o que traz à tona a necessidade de repensar as medidas adotadas para a exploração dos recursos hídricos no Sistema Cantareira. / The recent water shortages in the state of São Paulo, highlight the increasingly need for rational and sustainable water resources management. The increase in water demand due to continuous populational growth associated with climate changes observed in the past decades challenge the integrated management of water resources. Given this context, this research aimed to evaluate possible changes in the hydrological cycle of the Cantareira System reservoirs associated to different future climate change scenarios. A climate scenario generator (MAGICC/SCENGEN) was used to estimate the climate for the year 2100 with two different greenhouse gas emissions scenarios, A1FIMI and B2MES. Variations in temperature and precipitation were incorporated into climatological series observed in the study area. The SMAP (Soil Moisture Accounting Procedure) hydrologic model was used to simulate the behavior of the Cantareira System catchment basins. The altered temperature and precipitation series were used as input data in the calibrated hydrologic model. The discharge series of the two future scenarios obtained were compared to discharges simulated in recent climate conditions (series from 1990 to 2010) with the same hydrologic model. The results show a drop in the discharge series for the two future scenarios analyzed, with more marked decrease for A1FIMI, a scenario with higher greenhouse gases emissions. The decrease in discharge rates is a concern, especially because the Cantareira System is the main water system to supply São Paulo´s metropolitan area. This highlights a need to rethink the water use and management in the Cantareira System.

The SMAPVEX12 (Soil Moisture Active/Passive Validation Experiment 2012) was carried out over the summer of 2012 in Manitoba, Canada. The goal of the project was to improve the accuracy of satellite-based remote sensing of soil moisture. Data were gathered during a 42-day field campaign with surface measurements on 55 different agricultural fields in south-central Manitoba. The extended duration of the campaign, contrast in soil textures, and variety of crop types over the study region provided an excellent range of soil moisture and vegetation conditions. The study fields ranged from bare to fully vegetated, with volumetric soil moisture levels spanning a range of almost 50%. Remotely sensed data were collected on 17 days by aircraft at 1.4 Ghz with a microwave radiometer at two different resolutions. Observed brightness temperatures from the radiometer showed a typical inverse relationship to the near simultaneous soil moisture measurements from the field. Field-by-field relationships using all sampling dates with both soil and emissivity data were all shown to be significant with the exception of two of the pasture fields and a soybean field. Linear regressions across multiple fields and by flight lines also had statistically significant slopes. The significance of all these relationships improved with the removal of pasture fields from the analysis. On most fields, the sensitivity (slope) of the relationship and correlation coefficient (R2) between emissivity and observed soil moisture increased when vegetation and roughness effects were taken into account. The b parameter that relates vegetation water content to optical depth in the tau-omega model was optimized using the collective slope and R2 values of the individual fields. A b parameter value of 0.06 for horizontal polarization and 0.13 for vertical polarization were found to be optimal across the range of all fields in this analysis. / May 2016

Due to inadequate long-term and large-scale observation approach for observation of soil moisture across the globe, this study intends to unveil the importance of using simulated soil moisture fields from land surface models, forced with observed precipitation and near-surface meteorology in monitoring drought and formulating effective water management practices for continued production irrigation applications. This study shows that socio-economic and ecosystem effects can be determined by evaluating spatial-temporal changes in irrigation applications. Thus, it facilitates understanding of the importance of water management and how water, energy, and carbon flows protect our climate and environment. By using Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) in monitoring soil moisture, the information obtained is critical in providing early drought warnings, particularly in those parts of the United States that experience flash agricultural droughts. Further, this study highlights that frequent and reliable soil moisture measurements from SMAP helped improve the predictive capability of weather and climate models.

The main goal of the master thesis is an evaluation of a software package Smap 3D Plant Design in design of evaporation technology, specifically 3D of the pipeline network and its subsequent documentation. The thesis describes evaporation technology in general, then the evaporator testing site in Laboratory of Energy Intensive Processes in NETME Centre is presented, where pipeline network needs to be designed. In the next part a reference 3D model was created as well as a documentation using SolidWorks routing. Subsequently, an equivalent 3D model was created using Smap 3D Plant Design – Piping and a documentation was created using Smap 3D Plant Design – Isometric. Finally, these two methods of creating pipeline were compared to each other, and recommended method was chosen.

No description available.

]The scale difference between point in situ soil moisture measurements and low resolution satellite products limits the quality of any validation efforts in heterogeneous regions. Cosmic Ray Neutron Probes (CRNP) could be an option to fill the scale gap between both systems, as they provide area-average soil moisture within a 150-250 m radius footprint. In this study, we evaluate differences and similarities between CRNP observations, and surface soil moisture products from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2), the METOP-A/B Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT), the Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP), the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS), as well as simulations from the Global Land Data Assimilation System Version 2 (GLDAS2). Six CRNPs located on five continents have been selected as test sites: the Rur catchment in Germany, the COSMOS sites in Arizona and California (USA), and Kenya, one CosmOz site in New SouthWales (Australia), and a site in Karnataka (India). Standard validation scores as well as the Triple Collocation (TC) method identified SMAP to provide a high accuracy soil moisture product with low noise or uncertainties as compared to CRNPs. The potential of CRNPs for satellite soil moisture validation has been proven; however, biomass correction methods should be implemented to improve its application in regions with large vegetation dynamics.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.