Stagonospora nodorum blotch, causal agent <i>Phaeosphaeria nodorum</i>, is part of the wheat leaf spotting complex and is a major disease in Saskatchewan and other wheat growing regions. Host resistance results from insensitivity to proteinaceous host-selective toxins produced by <i>P. nodorum</i>. Different toxin combinations amongst individuals in the <i>P. nodorum</i> population are expected to contribute to host specificity. Genetic variation in the pathogen populations needs to be well understood in order to develop cultivars with durable resistance. The presence of host specificity was investigated by evaluating the reaction of 49 isolates on 16 wheat lines at the second leaf stage. ANOVA revealed a significant interaction between the isolates and wheat lines indicating host specificity is present in this pathosystem. Based on differences in virulence, the 49 isolates could be placed into 3 clusters that could be further sub-divided into 9 groups. The present data is consistent with a toxin-based, inverse gene-for-gene model.<p> Another aspect of this study looked at the genetics of resistance to Stagonospora nodorum blotch. Breeding resistant varieties is desirable but requires an understanding of the genetic basis of resistance. Resistance to <i>Phaeosphaeria nodorum</i> isolates Kelvington and 06-SN-002 was studied in the wheat population Altar Synthetic/Kenyon. This population consisted of 96 F6-derived recombinant inbred lines. The population was evaluated for disease reaction in a RCBD experiment with 3 replicates inoculated at the second leaf stage. The second leaf was rated on a 1 to 5 scale at 7 days post inoculation. When inoculated with isolate 06-SN-002, Altar Synthetic and Kenyon had intermediate disease reactions of 2.9 and 3.0, respectively. When inoculated with Kelvington, Altar Synthetic was resistant (rating of 1.8) and Kenyon was highly susceptible (rating of 4.6). One major QTL was found, suggesting that a single locus is controlling the resistance reaction. Microsatellite markers were identified that are closely linked to this QTL.

Stagonospora nodorum blotch, causal agent <i>Phaeosphaeria nodorum</i>, is part of the wheat leaf spotting complex and is a major disease in Saskatchewan and other wheat growing regions. Host resistance results from insensitivity to proteinaceous host-selective toxins produced by <i>P. nodorum</i>. Different toxin combinations amongst individuals in the <i>P. nodorum</i> population are expected to contribute to host specificity. Genetic variation in the pathogen populations needs to be well understood in order to develop cultivars with durable resistance. The presence of host specificity was investigated by evaluating the reaction of 49 isolates on 16 wheat lines at the second leaf stage. ANOVA revealed a significant interaction between the isolates and wheat lines indicating host specificity is present in this pathosystem. Based on differences in virulence, the 49 isolates could be placed into 3 clusters that could be further sub-divided into 9 groups. The present data is consistent with a toxin-based, inverse gene-for-gene model.<p> Another aspect of this study looked at the genetics of resistance to Stagonospora nodorum blotch. Breeding resistant varieties is desirable but requires an understanding of the genetic basis of resistance. Resistance to <i>Phaeosphaeria nodorum</i> isolates Kelvington and 06-SN-002 was studied in the wheat population Altar Synthetic/Kenyon. This population consisted of 96 F6-derived recombinant inbred lines. The population was evaluated for disease reaction in a RCBD experiment with 3 replicates inoculated at the second leaf stage. The second leaf was rated on a 1 to 5 scale at 7 days post inoculation. When inoculated with isolate 06-SN-002, Altar Synthetic and Kenyon had intermediate disease reactions of 2.9 and 3.0, respectively. When inoculated with Kelvington, Altar Synthetic was resistant (rating of 1.8) and Kenyon was highly susceptible (rating of 4.6). One major QTL was found, suggesting that a single locus is controlling the resistance reaction. Microsatellite markers were identified that are closely linked to this QTL.

The diploma thesis "Major Zeman": Comparative analysis of verbal narratives and TV serial presentations deals with two narrative media that depict the Zeman's story: a literary narrative by Jiří Procházka and its realization as TV series. Factors affecting the resulting form of both versions were identified by means of a gradual analysis of each of the versions. These factors were external interventions made by a management of a TV company and by its professional advisors as well as a mutual rivality of producers of the series. A focus to a TV audience and a literary ambition of Procházka, who attempted to step over the boundaries of a crimi genre, played their roles as well. These all resulted in two differently conceived fiction worlds. The narrative world, built on a myth-building principle, appears to be coherent, joined by an unifying ideological line. On the contrary, the TV series world appears to be scattered.

A Subcorrente Norte do Brasil (SNB) é a corrente de contorno oeste que fecha o Giro Equatorial do Oceano Atlantico em sua porc¸ ao austral. É uma corrente vigorosa, com núcleo atingindo 1ms1 em profundidades de 150ma 250 m. Trabalhos pretéritos reportam que esta corrente transporta mais de 20 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3 s1). Ao receber o aporte de volume de ramos da Corrente Sul Equatorial (CSE), em torno de 4 S 5 S, a SNB adquire núucleo em superfície e passa a ser denominada Corrente Norte do Brasil (CNB). Entretanto, nao há relato do padrao contínuo da SNB entre 11 S e as proximidades da linha do equador, por observacões de velocidade, na literatura. O objetivo desta dissertação é justamente o mapeamento sinótico e descrição da SNB e das estruturas de mesoescala associadas na faixa latitudinal supracitada. Para tanto, combinamos dados de ADCP de casco e de hidrografia. Os dados sao oriundos das comissoes OCEANO NORDESTE I (ONEI, verao 2002) e OCEANO NORDESTE II (ONEII, primavera 2004), realizadas a bordo do NOc Antares da Marinha do Brasil. Através de cálculo de velocidades geostróficas relativas a 1.150 m, análise dos dados de velocidades perfiladas pelo ADCP de casco e cálculo de velocidades geostróficas absolutas referenciadas pelos dados de ADCP a 160 m, obtivemos uma descrição da SNB que confirma e estende esforços anteriores de pesquisa. A SNB aparece como uma corrente robusta e presente ao longo de todas as radiais analisadas. Entre 11 S e as proximidades do Cabo Calcanhar (RN), o comportamento da corrente revela pouco meandramento, seguindo o talude continental nordestino. A exceção é um ramo ciclonico em torno de 4 S que cede volume para originar a Subcorrente Sul Equatorial (SSE) em nível subpicnoclínico. A SNB, provalvemente tentando conservar vorticidade potencial, frente à abrupta mudança de orientação da margem continental em 5 S, também desenvolve vii um meandro anticiclonico frontal centrado na longitude da cidade de Macau (RN) e com cerca de 150 km de raio. Como há evidencia do anticiclone nas duas comissões, especulamos tratar-se de uma estrutura semipermanente. Por tratar-se de um relato original, decidimos denominá-lo Vórtice de Macau (VM). Outro resultado relevante foi a documentação do processo de transformação da SNB em CNB, com avaliação do núcleo se tornando mais raso em direção ao equador. No cenário da ONEII, observamos a retroflexao picnoclínica da CNB, ocorrida no hemisfério boreal e a origem da Subcorrente Equatorial (SE) na área de estudo. Também como resultado inédito, os dados de velocidade observada mostraram que também há cessao de volume pela SNB para SE em torno de 1 S. / The North Brazil Undercurrent (NBUC) is the western boundary current that closes the Equatorial Gyre of the Atlantic Ocean in its austral portion. The NBC is a vigorous current with a core that reaches 1 m s1 at depth of 150 m to 250 m. Previous works reported that this current transports more than 20 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3 s1). As branches of the South Equatorial Current (SEC) reaches the western boundary at around 4 S 5 S, the NBUC core surfaces and the new current is referred as the North Brazil Current (NBC). However, there is no report in the literature about a continuous pattern of the NBUC in the latitude range between 11 S and the vicinities of the equator from observed velocities. The main goal of this thesis is just to obtain a synoptic map of NBUC and the associated mesoscale features in the latitude range mentioned above. In order to do so, we combined vessel-mount ADCP and hydrographic data from two cruises conducted by the R/V Antares of the Brazilian Navy: the OCEANO NORDESTE I (ONEI, summer 2002) and the OCEANO NORDESTE II (ONEII, spring 2004). We calculated geostrophic velocities relative to 1.150 m, analyzed ADCP observed velocity data as well computed absolute geostrophic velocities, referenced by the ADCP data at 160 m. Hence, we were able to obtain a NBC description that corroborated and extended the findings of previous research in the area. The NBUC was depicted as a robust nearly non-meandering current between 11 S and Cape Calcanhar (RN) present in all transects of both cruises. At 4 S, the NBUC develops a cyclonic branch and originates the South Equatorial Undercurrent (SEUC). Possibly as an attempt to conserve potential vorticity as the NBUC faces the abrupt change in the continental margin orientation at 5 S, the current develops a 150 km radius anticyclonic frontal meander. As there are evidence of the anticyclone ix in both cruises, we speculate that it can be a semipermanent feature. As it is a original description, we named it the Macau Eddy. Another result that deserves to be mentioned is that the process of the transformation of the NBUC in NBC was well documented for the first time through a continuous surfacing process of the current core. Finally, in the ONEII scenario, we observed the pycnoclinic retroflection of the NBC that occurs in northern hemisphere and returns to the equator to originate the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). We also depicted that the NBUC feeds the forming EUC from the southern hemisphere from a cyclonic branch around 1 S.

A Subcorrente Norte do Brasil (SNB) é a corrente de contorno oeste que fecha o Giro Equatorial do Oceano Atlantico em sua porc¸ ao austral. É uma corrente vigorosa, com núcleo atingindo 1ms1 em profundidades de 150ma 250 m. Trabalhos pretéritos reportam que esta corrente transporta mais de 20 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3 s1). Ao receber o aporte de volume de ramos da Corrente Sul Equatorial (CSE), em torno de 4 S 5 S, a SNB adquire núucleo em superfície e passa a ser denominada Corrente Norte do Brasil (CNB). Entretanto, nao há relato do padrao contínuo da SNB entre 11 S e as proximidades da linha do equador, por observacões de velocidade, na literatura. O objetivo desta dissertação é justamente o mapeamento sinótico e descrição da SNB e das estruturas de mesoescala associadas na faixa latitudinal supracitada. Para tanto, combinamos dados de ADCP de casco e de hidrografia. Os dados sao oriundos das comissoes OCEANO NORDESTE I (ONEI, verao 2002) e OCEANO NORDESTE II (ONEII, primavera 2004), realizadas a bordo do NOc Antares da Marinha do Brasil. Através de cálculo de velocidades geostróficas relativas a 1.150 m, análise dos dados de velocidades perfiladas pelo ADCP de casco e cálculo de velocidades geostróficas absolutas referenciadas pelos dados de ADCP a 160 m, obtivemos uma descrição da SNB que confirma e estende esforços anteriores de pesquisa. A SNB aparece como uma corrente robusta e presente ao longo de todas as radiais analisadas. Entre 11 S e as proximidades do Cabo Calcanhar (RN), o comportamento da corrente revela pouco meandramento, seguindo o talude continental nordestino. A exceção é um ramo ciclonico em torno de 4 S que cede volume para originar a Subcorrente Sul Equatorial (SSE) em nível subpicnoclínico. A SNB, provalvemente tentando conservar vorticidade potencial, frente à abrupta mudança de orientação da margem continental em 5 S, também desenvolve vii um meandro anticiclonico frontal centrado na longitude da cidade de Macau (RN) e com cerca de 150 km de raio. Como há evidencia do anticiclone nas duas comissões, especulamos tratar-se de uma estrutura semipermanente. Por tratar-se de um relato original, decidimos denominá-lo Vórtice de Macau (VM). Outro resultado relevante foi a documentação do processo de transformação da SNB em CNB, com avaliação do núcleo se tornando mais raso em direção ao equador. No cenário da ONEII, observamos a retroflexao picnoclínica da CNB, ocorrida no hemisfério boreal e a origem da Subcorrente Equatorial (SE) na área de estudo. Também como resultado inédito, os dados de velocidade observada mostraram que também há cessao de volume pela SNB para SE em torno de 1 S. / The North Brazil Undercurrent (NBUC) is the western boundary current that closes the Equatorial Gyre of the Atlantic Ocean in its austral portion. The NBC is a vigorous current with a core that reaches 1 m s1 at depth of 150 m to 250 m. Previous works reported that this current transports more than 20 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3 s1). As branches of the South Equatorial Current (SEC) reaches the western boundary at around 4 S 5 S, the NBUC core surfaces and the new current is referred as the North Brazil Current (NBC). However, there is no report in the literature about a continuous pattern of the NBUC in the latitude range between 11 S and the vicinities of the equator from observed velocities. The main goal of this thesis is just to obtain a synoptic map of NBUC and the associated mesoscale features in the latitude range mentioned above. In order to do so, we combined vessel-mount ADCP and hydrographic data from two cruises conducted by the R/V Antares of the Brazilian Navy: the OCEANO NORDESTE I (ONEI, summer 2002) and the OCEANO NORDESTE II (ONEII, spring 2004). We calculated geostrophic velocities relative to 1.150 m, analyzed ADCP observed velocity data as well computed absolute geostrophic velocities, referenced by the ADCP data at 160 m. Hence, we were able to obtain a NBC description that corroborated and extended the findings of previous research in the area. The NBUC was depicted as a robust nearly non-meandering current between 11 S and Cape Calcanhar (RN) present in all transects of both cruises. At 4 S, the NBUC develops a cyclonic branch and originates the South Equatorial Undercurrent (SEUC). Possibly as an attempt to conserve potential vorticity as the NBUC faces the abrupt change in the continental margin orientation at 5 S, the current develops a 150 km radius anticyclonic frontal meander. As there are evidence of the anticyclone ix in both cruises, we speculate that it can be a semipermanent feature. As it is a original description, we named it the Macau Eddy. Another result that deserves to be mentioned is that the process of the transformation of the NBUC in NBC was well documented for the first time through a continuous surfacing process of the current core. Finally, in the ONEII scenario, we observed the pycnoclinic retroflection of the NBC that occurs in northern hemisphere and returns to the equator to originate the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). We also depicted that the NBUC feeds the forming EUC from the southern hemisphere from a cyclonic branch around 1 S.

Le rayonnement dans les jets issus de moteurs à propergol solide constitue un phénomène essentiel à l’estimation des flux aux parois et à la prédiction de la signature radiative des engins. A haute altitude, de l’ordre de 100 km, ces jets sont caractérisés par des écoulements compressibles diphasiques, à fort aspect raréfié dans certaines régions, compos ´es de particules d’alumine et de gaz de combustion. Le transfert radiatif y joue un rôle important dans la mesure où il influence fortement le refroidissement et le changement de phase des particules. Afin de simuler numériquement les jets et leur rayonnement, différents modèles ont été développés. Le rayonnement des gaz a été pris en compte à l’aide de modèles statistiques à bandes étroites. Le phénomène de surfusion qui régit le changement de phase de l’alumine et les champs de température associés aux différentes tailles de particules, a été pris en compte. Enfin, une méthode de splitting des puissances radiatives a été mise en œuvre afin de permettre le couplage entre le rayonnement et l’écoulement dans des milieux en des ‘équilibre thermique gaz/particules. Ces modèles ont été implémentes dans une plateforme de calcul, permettant de coupler un solveur fluide utilisant une approche Navier-Stokes, un solveur eulérien pour traiter la phase dispersée et un solveur radiatif qui utilise une méthode de Monte Carlo. L’outil numérique développe a été partiellement validé en comparant nos résultats aux mesures obtenues dans le cadre de l’expérience BSUV2. Dans les conditions de cette expérience, le rayonnement des particules est prédominant mais la contribution des gaz s’avère non négligeable. Des simulations sous différentes hypothèses ont permis de mettre en évidence le rôle primordial du transfert radiatif, couplé au phénomène de surfusion, dans l’établissement des champs de température des particules. La dernière partie de ces travaux s’est attachée à l’étude du déséquilibre vibrationnel de la phase gazeuse et de son impact sur le rayonnement dans les jets. Il est montré que le gel partiel des niveaux de vibration de la molécule CO2 durant la détente du jet peut augmenter de façon significative son rayonnement. / Radiation from solid propellant rocketplumes is important for the prediction of thermalfluxes on vehicle walls and of plume signature. Athigh altitudes, of approximately 100 km, those plumesare characterized by two-phase compressible flows,highly rarefied in some regions, composed of aluminaparticles and exhaust combustion gases. Radiativetransfer plays an important role in the cooling and thephase change of the particles.In order to carry out numerical simulations of rocketplumes and their radiation, several models have beendeveloped. The radiation of the gas phase is takeninto account using statistical narrow bands models.The supercooling phenomenon has been modeled todeal with the phase change of alumina and to obtaincorrect temperature fields for the different size classesof particles. Finally, a splitting method of the radiativepower has been established to enable the couplingbetween radiation and the flow field under gas/particlethermal non-equelibrium. These models have beenimplemented in a calculation platform, enabling tocouple a Navier-Stokes solver for the gas phase, anEulerian solver dealing with the dispersed phase anda radiative solver based on a Monte Carlo method.The developed numerical tool has been partly validatedcomparing our results with the measurementsobtained during the BSUV2 experiment. In the conditionsof this experiment, particle radiation is shownto be predominant but the contribution of the gasphase is found to be non-negligible. Simulations underdifferent hypotheses have put the emphasis onthe importance of radiative transfer, coupled with thesupercooling phenomenon, for an accurate evaluationof particle temperature fields.The last part of this work focuses on the study ofgas vibrational non-equilibrium and its impact on radiationfrom high altitude plumes. It is shown thatthe slow deexcitation of vibrational levels of the CO2molecule during the plume expansion may increasesignificantly its radiation.

Le présent travail est consacré au développement et à la validation d'un modèle hybride de propagation d'un incendie de végétation à grande échelle prenant en compte les hétérogénéités locales liées à la végétation, à la topographie du terrain et aux conditions météorologiques. Dans un premier temps, on présente différentes méthodes permettant de générer un réseau amorphe, représentatif d'une distribution réaliste de la végétation. Le modèle hybride est un modèle de réseau où les phénomènes qui se produisent à l'échelle macroscopique sont traités de façon déterministe, comme le préchauffage du site végétal provenant du rayonnement de la flamme et des braises et de la convection par les gaz chauds, mais aussi son refroidissement radiatif et son inflammation pilotée. Le rayonnement thermique provenant de la flamme est calculé en combinant le modèle de flamme solide à la méthode de Monte Carlo et en considérant son atténuation par la couche d'air atmosphérique entre la flamme et la végétation réceptive. Le modèle est ensuite appliqué à des configurations simples de propagation sur un terrain plat ou incliné, en présence ou non d'un vent constant. Les résultats obtenus sont en bon accord avec les données de la littérature. Une étude de sensibilité a été également menée permettant d'identifier les paramètres les plus influents du modèle, en termes de vitesse de propagation du feu, et de les hiérarchiser. La phase de validation a portée sur l'analyse comparative des contours de feux calculés par le modèle avec ceux mesurés lors d'un brûlage dirigé réalisé en Australie et d'un feu réel qui a lieu en Corse en 2009, montrant un très bon accord en termes de vitesse de propagation / The present work is devoted to the development of a hybrid model for predicting the rate of spread of wildland fires at a large scale, taking into account the local heterogeneities related to vegetation, topography, and meteorological conditions. Some methods for generating amorphous network, representative of real vegetation landscapes, are proposed. Mechanisms of heat transfer from the flame front to the virgin fuel are modeled: radiative preheating from the flame and embers, convective preheating from hot gases, radiative heat losses and piloted ignition of the receptive vegetation item. Flame radiation is calculated by combining the solid flame model with the Monte Carlo method and by taking into account its attenuation by the atmospheric layer between the flame and the receptive vegetation. The model is applied to simple configurations where the fire spreads on a flat or inclined terrain, with or without a constant wind. Model results are in good agreement with literature data. A sensitivity study is conducted to identify the most influential parameters of the model. Eventually, the model is validated by comparing predicted fire patterns with those obtained from a prescribed burning in Australia and from a historical fire that occurred in Corsica in 2009, showing a very good agreement in terms of fire patterns, rate of spread, and burned area.

The broad subject of this diploma thesis would be the Czechoslovak Secret Police (StB) during the years 1945-1969; and, more narrowly, certain aspects of its organization and activities in relation to the then applicable legislation. The overriding objective, which was reflected in this legislation, was the protection of the Communist political system, the regime. This regime protection goal clearly influenced the evolution and organization of the StB and the related policies on the imprisonment of those individuals that represented a threat to the State and the State System. Similar general principles and policies have basically remained in effect into the current period. The paper begins with an Introduction and Preface, which take a look at the events and nature of the society in this post-World War II period. This material is derived from an examination of historical source materials. The remainder of the paper is divided into four additional Chapters with related subsections. The Introduction and Preface focus on the nature and state of the society in the immediate post-war period, which provided the context and background used for the development of the new legislation and the newly created institutions developed for the protection of this new social order and the punishment and incarceration...

No description available.

Les fusions transfrontalières de sociétés de capitaux n’intéressent pas uniquement le droit des sociétés mais revêtent aussi d’importants aspects de droit social. Si la directive du 26 octobre 2005 facilite ces opérations, le renvoi aux législations nationales opéré soulève de nombreuses difficultés en l’absence de traitement harmonisé de leurs conséquences sociales. Les interrogations suscitées par la mise en oeuvre de la participation des travailleurs aux organes de gestion de la société issue de l’opération n’en sont qu’une illustration. D’autres questions relatives notamment au devenir des instances de représentation du personnel existant au sein des sociétés parties à la fusion, aux normes collectives ou aux contrats de travail, restent en suspens. A celles-ci et à d’autres, cette étude tente d’apporter des réponses. Les enjeux dont les fusions transfrontalières sont porteuses l’exigent. / Cross-border mergers of incorporated companies do not only interest Company Law but also comprise important aspects of Labour & Employment Law. If the European Directive dated 26 October 2005 facilitates these transactions, the reference made to national legislation raises many difficulties in the absence of harmonized treatment of the social consequences of transactions. The questions raised by the implementation of workers' participation in management bodies of the company resulting from the transaction are an illustration. Other issues include the fate of employees’ representative bodies of existing staff within the merging companies, collective norms and employment contracts, remain unresolved. To these and others, this study attempts to provide answers. The consequences of the cross-border transactions require that answers be given to the unresolved issues.