This presentation is a summary of research findings that was prepared for both the Bureau of Land Management and the participating tribes.

This presentation was prepared and given during a meeting in 2004 between the United States Forest Service, Southern Paiute tribal members, and the BARA research team. The power point presents the summary of key findings from the report entitled Puha Flows from It: The Spring Mountains Cultural Landscape Study.

This is a slide show of selected photographs from the Big Springs Ethnographic Assessment US-95 Corridor Study.

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Time variations of the geomagnetic field can be classified into two main categories of internal and external origin with respect to the surface of the Earth. It has been found that the variations that take place on longer time scales (~ 1 year and longer) are commonly known as secular variation (SV) and are of internal origin. There is a need to develop SV models using satellite data as the use of ground data is not always possible with many limitations including the limited data points and lack of data over ocean areas that are not easily accessible. Two regional geomagnetic field modelling techniques namely polynomial surface modelling (PolyM) and Spherical Cap Harmonic Analysis (SCHA) were applied to CHAMP satellite data recorded between 2001 and 2005 to investigate the use of satellite data to develop a geomagnetic SV model over southern Africa. The restricted area of investigation is between 10° and 40° South in latitude and between 10° and 40° East in longitude. The resulting regional models of this investigation were validated against the two widely used global field models IGRF 10 and CHAOS using the available ground survey data obtained during the same period over southern Africa. The results suggest that the regional field models can be derived based entirely on satellite data. However, the regional SV models can be improved by combining both high quality satellite and ground survey data, since they lack the high quality of a global field model like CHAOS. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2011.

The seasonal pattern of ice motion in response to wind forcing and potential consequences to upwelling on the Mackenzie Shelf are considered using satellite-derived ice motion data from the National Snow and Ice Data Center and the NCEP 10 m wind data. The frequency of strong upwelling-favorable alongshore ice motion is high in early winter (November and December) compared to middle and late winter (January to May).For periods when the alongshore component of the wind is upwelling-favorable, the ratio of ice drift divided by wind speed on the Mackenzie Shelf is 0.024 in November and0.008 in March; we conjecture that this ratio decreases as winter progresses because the internal ice stress becomes stronger as both ice thickness and ice concentration increase. This constitutes a possible 10-fold decrease in the seasonal transmission of wind stress to the underlying water from November to March. This ratio in May (0.015) is higher than that in March. We suggest that it is because the internal ice stress becomes weaker as ice concentration decreases on the Mackenzie Shelf in May. Hence, under the same wind forcing, the potential for winter upwelling on Mackenzie Shelf may be enhanced if climate warming results in reduced ice thickness and/or ice concentration. Numerical model results show that the stress on the shelf could be reduced because of the internal ice stress from the pack ice over the deep ocean when the ice moves like a rigid body. We found that the model results are not realistic when the ice strength is 5,000 Nm-2. When the ice strength is 27,500 Nm-2, the model results are more realistic.

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