Foreign direct investment (FDI) has become the most important source of development finance. Foreign direct investment is said to be taking place when a foreign corporation buys at least a 10 percent shareholding in a domestic firm or undertakes a greenfield investment in a foreign country. Recognising that FDI can contribute to economic development, all governments want to attract it. The world market for FDI is highly competitive, and developing countries, in particular, seek such investments to accelerate their development efforts. Both developing and developed countries are competing for global FDI flows. The result is that FDI flows are concentrated in few developed countries. It becomes critical for economic development to developing countries to attract more FDI flows into their economies. FDI flows are basically the result of investment decisions taken by trans-national corporations in response to certain pull factors. Whether a TNC will undertake FDI in a foreign country or not depends on the existence of determinants that influence such a decision. The increase in global FDI flows is a result of firms decid ing to invest in foreign markets rather than to export to those markets. What makes FDI attractive is that, unlike portfolio investment, it is almost of permanent nature. FDI is also more desirable than loans and official development assistance (ODA) in that it does not create debt. For this and other reasons, countries are seeking to attract FDI flows. Various economic development theories have been advanced to explain the reasons firms undertake FDI rather than export to those foreign markets. These theories include theories that focus on internal organisation or the intending firm. These theories assume the imperfect market condition. Foreign firms will undertake FDI if they have superior oligopolistic advantages over the local firms. The Southern African Development Community (SADC) like other regions and countries is seeking to attract foreign direct investment. The present analysis of the performance of this region show that its share of global FDI flows is very small. The region is facing big challenges as a result of weaknesses in its individual member countries. South Africa is the best performing member in terms of attracting FDI flows and undertaking FDI in other regional countries. FDI inflows into the SADC region are predominantly goin g into resources. This evident when case of Angola and Democratic Republic of the Congo is analysed. It can be said that the FDI inflow into the region is predominantly resourceseeking. It can, however, also be said that some FDI is driven by the market-seeking motive. This is evident in the case of FDI in the food and beverages sector. It is important that the countries in the SADC region work hard to address those determinants that are critical to attracting more FDI. It is evident that some countries can improve their international image if they can address negative factors such as conflicts, crime and government apathy to disregard of the rule of law. Policies and strategies that are aimed at improving the image of the region need to be coordinated among member countries, if the region is to increase its share of global FDI. / Prof. A.E. Loots

The Magellanic woodpecker (Campephilus magellanicus), the largest woodpecker in Central and South America, is declining throughout its range. Notably, limited research has been conducted on the Campephilus genus, especially for island populations. Mostly during austral summers 2015-2017, I explored the ecological importance and population structure of Magellanic woodpeckers on Navarino Island, Chile (55°04′S, 67°40′W). First, I assessed how coleopteran larval density and distribution within trees may influence Magellanic woodpecker foraging behavior. Second, I designed an experiment to determine which of three detection methods would best elicit a woodpecker detection. Third, I conducted a population genetics study to elucidate trends within and among Magellanic woodpecker populations to better inform management decisions. I identified two coleopteran species: one lucanid (Erichius femoralis) and one cerambycid (Microplophorus magellanicus) within two lenga (Nothofagus pumilio) trees foraged on by Magellanic woodpeckers. Maximum woodpecker excavation depths were 71-90 mm; most larval gallery depths were 51-70 mm. The drumming device most effectively influenced the likelihood of a woodpecker detection. The odds of a woodpecker responding were 2.14 times more likely than responding to either a playback or control. On Navarino Island, I observed a pattern of isolation by distance among sampled woodpeckers, slight female sex-biased dispersal, and family groups likely consisted of nuclear families with partner replacement. Genetic diversity estimates were lower for Navarino woodpeckers than for mainland populations. Future research should build upon these results to better understand Magellanic woodpecker life history characteristics and its role in the ecosystem.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Public and Development Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fuJfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management (in the field of Public and D~velopment Management) . APRIL 1998 / This paper focuses on whether apartheid South Africa's approach to the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) has been hegemonic and whether a democratic South Africa will ensure leadership of SACU member countries to enhance mutual economic development or maintain a hegemonic approach. Institutional r6constitution and democratisation are terms which have recently regained popularity in SACU. Bot.awana, Lesotho, Narni.b.i.a and Swaziland (BLNS) are attempting to develop a programme which would accelerate the process of participatory fairness. South Africa on the other hand is initiating consultative forums between SACU member countries to incorporate popular aspirations and address tensions emanating from a concentration of industry in South Africa. This paper begins by providing a history characterised by hegemonic relationships of the pre-1994 period between South Africa and the BLNS countries, which is followed by a theoretical approach to options for solutions for the regional integration complexities of Southern Africa, referring '!lore specifically to SACU. South Africa's initiative to facilitate participation of member countries, which culminated in the introduction of the Customs Union Task Team (CUTT), received attention. The general discussion of interviews test the theoretical perspective of participative engagement of SACU membership, and provide suggestions towards the future of the customs union. A conclusive analysis and recommendations for further research are presented.

Student Number: 0201936W - MSc research report - School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Sciences - Faculty of Science / Tropospheric ozone over southern Africa is characterised using the Southern Africa Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI) 2000 aircraft datasets collected from surface to just above the boundary layer, and satellite remotely sensed ozone column depth. Ozonesonde datasets for Irene, South Africa; Lusaka, Zambia; Nairobi and Malindi, both Kenyan stations were, used to supplement the aircraft and satellite data. The period studied is the dry biomass burning season between August and September, 2000 Source areas of ozone precursors have been identified by trajectory analysis. Fivepoint, back trajectory clusters in the region reveal well-defined air mass transport corridors. Enhanced ozone concentrations, above 70 ppb, were regularly encountered in the lower troposphere (3.5 km above ground level) in air masses distributed over the sub-region by distinct re-circulation pathways, which prevailed during the study period. Occasional, episodes of significant higher ozone pollution, above 100 ppbv are identified. Savannah fire products transported from seasonal biomass burning regions of western Zambia, northern Zimbabwe and Mozambique have been found to be the major sources of ozone pollution over the sub-region. Another source, though on a lesser scale, is the Highveld industrial region of South Africa. In situ air observations established that the western and eastern sectors of the southern Africa, north of 23°S latitude, were the major sources of regional ozone precursor gases. The regions southwards of 23°S were observed to have lower ozone pollution.

No description available.

The Southern Brittany Migmatite Belt developed during the Ligerian Orogeny within a narrow time interval 403 Ma to 372 Ma. Detailed field mapping of several key localities within the belt (Port Navalo, Port Blanc and Roguedas, around the Golfe du Morbihan, and Ville-es-Martin at St. Nazaire) has revealed a heterogeneous suite of high grade gneisses, Al-silicate rich gneisses (morbihannites), low to high melt fraction metatexites and diatexites. Careful petrography and mineralogy has allowed the establishment of reaction histories for each rock type which have been utilised in constructing segments along a P-T path. Reverse zoned rims and the replacement of garnet by Crd and/or Bt + PI suggests the following generalised reactions have occurred: Grt + Bt + S11 + Qtz~ Crd + He + Um + Kfs + H 0 and Grt --=;>Bt + PI + Qtz. tarnet-cordierite gneisses record an early prograde event. Growth zoned garnet cores and a sequence of inclusions, from the garnet core to the garnet rim, of Qtz + 11m + Ky, PI + St + Rt + Ky + Bt and PI + St + Rt + Sil + Bt constrain the prograde evolution and suggest the crossing of the simplified reactions Ms + Chl~ St + Bt + Qtz and St + Qtz ~Grt + Ky + vap. A detailed evaluation of the available thermometers and barometers, equilibrium considerations, the stability relations of biotite, and petrographic analysis have enabled the construction of a tightly constrained P-T path. It is suggested that the prograde P-T path is the result of a series of sediments deposited in an ensialic marginal basin with a higher than normal geothermal gradient which has been tectonically buried by overthrusting during basin closure. The retrograde near isothermal decompression path is interpreted to be the result of the development of a rising anatectic granite diapir which has dragged its thermal envelope, the migmatites, to shallow crustal levels during its ascent.

One of the central tenets of much current development thinking in southern Africa is that market-oriented strategies and private sector involvement must be the basis for future economic growth. This has underpinned structural adjustment and economic policy reform policies in the region over the last decade or more. It also underlies the argument for encouraging external foreign direct investment (FDI) as a motor for growth. However growing evidence suggests that such a strategy has not paid off. Economic growth rates have been disappointing, private, and particularly foreign, investment has been limited, and employment in the formal sector has fallen dramatically.1 Structural adjustment and market liberalisation have clearly not delivered the developmental benefits claimed of them, and people's livelihood opportunities have, ft seems, declined over the same period and their levels of vulnerability have increased. The increasing recognition that the standard neo-liberal prescriptions were not having the expected benefits, especially for poor people, has resulted in some rethinking about how best to redirect the benefits of globalisation and economic reform towards the poor, and how to offset some of the losses. Thus ‘pro-poor growth strategies’, ‘making markets work for the poor’ and ‘growth for redistribution' have become well-worn slogans. However, the practical and policy measures required, whereby the benefits of an engagement with a globalised economy, investment by the private sector and liberalisation privatisation measures can result in poverty reduction, remain vague.A number of issues arise. For the sceptics, questions are raised about the degree to which the turn to a 'pro-poor' markets approach is simply rhetorical gloss, added to the discredited neo-liberal paradigm, or actually a genuinely new policy perspective in its own right. It is important to differentiate between broad economic policy reform objectives (which, with some nuances, remain largely in the standard neo-liberal form) and sectoral policies which contain explicitly pro-poor elements. While retaining the argument that market liberalisation and external investment are key, such policies may include some strategic elements of state- directed intervention which boost the access of the poor to new markets and investment opportunities. It is this stance, where the state intervenes to improve access and for particular groups of people, redressing to some extent the imbalances caused by the lack of level playing fields of existing markets, which potentially sets a pro-poor perspective apart.

archives@tulane.edu / 1 / Allison Beondé

The interannual variability of the sea ice in the Southern Ocean and its evolution projected for the end of the 21st century are investigated using observations and different types of models. First of all, none of the known atmospheric modes of variability are able to explain much of the total sea ice extent variability in the Southern Ocean. However, they have large influences on the local and regional scales. In particular, the response of the sea ice to the Southern Annular Mode is characterized by a dipole between the Ross Sea and the region around the Antarctic Peninsula caused by a low pressure anomaly in the Amundsen Sea in high SAM-index years. Secondly, the sea ice extent in the different regions seems to be mostly uncorrelated, showing that the total sea ice cover cannot be seen as a single entity, but merely as a combination of regional covers. Finally, it is shown why the projected distribution of sea ice is not a simple extrapolation of the current sea ice trends. The mechanisms responsible for the regional variability of the future sea-ice extents are discussed.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 320-337). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.