No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

There is no abstract available for this dissertation.

近年来，中国的农村建设飞速发展，农村的建筑格局和生活方式也发生了很大变化。与此同时，中国的建成环境评估体系尚处在起步阶段。面对大规模的新农村建设对农村人居环境产生的巨大冲击，缺乏一个完善的建成环境评估体系已经成为农村建设日益突出的问题。 / 本研究梳理了西南农村地区可持续建筑环境评估的必要性、操作策略和评估框架。通过对国内外可持续发展理论、可持续建筑理论和建筑环境评估体系理论的研究，以及对西南农村地区现状的调查分析，本研究建立起了一套适用于西南贫困农村地区的建成环境可持续性评估框架。它包括评估的目的、范围、项目指标、运作方式等内容。评估系统的项目和指标分涵盖了可持续发展的环境、社会和经济三个方面，这些项目和指标充分强调了西南贫困农村地区的特点，以区别于一般的城市建筑评估体系。此外，本研究对三个不同的村落进行了案例分析，将不同的建筑评估体系对案例的评估结果进行了比较，以考察不同评估体系对西南贫困农村地区的适应性和灵敏度。分析结果显示，西南农村地区建筑环境可持续性评估体系框架最能充分适应当地实际情况，对案例做出全面的评价。 / 研究结果表明，西南贫困农村地区建成环境可持续性评估体系框架结合了可持续发展、可持续建筑理论和西南贫困农村地区的实际情况，为西南贫困农村地区的可持续建筑提供了一个全面的认识和评估的框架。它是西南贫困农村地区可持续建筑评价体系的雏形，也为西南贫困农村的可持续建设发展提供了指导和思路。 / 本研究主要有以下几点成果： / -本研究为中国西南贫困农村地区的建成环境可持续性评估提供了一个全面的理解和认识。与中国目前常规的农村发展模式不同的是，本研究强调了农村的内源性发展模式。 / -本研究建立了中国西南贫困农村地区的建成环境可持续性评估体系框架。该框架可以作为更加具体的评估标准和评估工具的建立基础。 / -对中国西南贫困农村地区的建成环境可持续性评估体系的认识和框架建立，亦可作为农村建设的设计指导依据。 / 本研究的局限性： / -本研究只建立了评估系统的框架，具体的定量评价指标、权重体系和评分方法还未建立。本研究的成果还不能作为评估工具使用。 / -本研究主要针对的是中国西南贫困农村地区。中国各地农村的自然环境和社会发展条件都各不相同，本研究不能覆盖所有的中国农村地区。 / In recent years, China’s rural areas developed rapidly, the settlement pattern and lifestyle in rural areas are also changing rapidly. At the same time, the development of built environmental assessment system in China is still in the initial stage. In the face of tremendous impact on rural settlement environment from the massive New Countryside Construction, the lack of comprehensive built environmental assessment system has become an increasingly prominent issue. / This study furthers the field by clarifying the necessity, strategies and framework of built environmental sustainability assessment in poor rural areas of Southwest China. This study reviewed the sustainable development theories, sustainable architecture theories and built environmental assessment methods in China and abroad; investigated the current situation and problems of village development and built environmental construction in poor rural areas of Southwest China. Based on these theories and context, a framework of rural built environmental sustainability assessment system including the assessment purpose, scope, issues and indicators were established. This framework covers environmental, social, and economic aspects. It provided the main issues and features of built environmental sustainability of poor rural areas of Southwest China which are quite different from urban areas. Then, three different cases were analyzed with different building environmental assessment system. Analysis outcomes were compared and discussed to investigate the applicability and sensitivity of existing assessment systems and the rural built environmental sustainability assessment system established by this study. The result shows that the framework of rural built environmental sustainability assessment system is more suitable for poor rural areas of Southwest China than other existing assessment systems. / Establishing a comprehensive understanding of sustainable development model and assessment system of rural areas is one of the significant strategies to solve the contradiction and problems between rural construction and sustainable development in poor rural areas of Southwest China. Furthermore, the promotion of sustainable rural development is to solve the much larger, longer-term problem of villagers leaving and abandoning their villages to move to the city in search of better living conditions. It is believed that a way to solve the problem is to raise the standard of the villages to a higher level of amenity and comfort for villagers and make it affordable and sustainable for them. / There are several main contributions of this study: / This study provided a comprehensive understanding of built environment sustainability of poor rural areas of Southwest China. Different from conventional rural development model in China, this study emphasizes the endogenous development model of rural areas. / This study established a framework of built environmental sustainability assessment system of poor rural areas of Southwest China. A more specific and detailed standard or rating tool can be developed based on this framework. / The understanding and assessment framework of built environmental sustainability of poor rural areas of Southwest China also can be used as a reference for the design and construction of rural built environment. / There are some limitations in this study: / This study only established the framework of the assessment system. The specific quantitative evaluation criteria have not been developed yet. And the weighting and rating method is also not yet been established. Therefore it is still can’t be used as a rating tool. / This study is mainly focusing on the poor rural areas of Southwest China. The natural and social conditions of different areas of rural China are quite different from each other. This study cannot cover all of the rural areas of China. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Wan, Li. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 207-213). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / ACKNOWLEDGMENT --- p.v / CONTENTS --- p.vi / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.ix / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xii / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Context and problems --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives and significance --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Methodology --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Research scope and definitions --- p.7 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESIS --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1 --- Sustainability and building environmental assessment --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Sustainable development and sustainability --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Sustainable architecture and approaches --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Ecovillage and sustainable communities --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Building environmental assessment method --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- Rural construction and rural built environmental assessment --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Rural development and countryside construction --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Rural Built environmental sustainability assessment --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3 --- Hypothesis of this study --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4 --- Summary and conclusions --- p.42 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- CONTEXT OF SOUTHWEST RURAL CHINA AND ITS INSPIRATION --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1 --- Context of southwest rural China --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Natural environment --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Social conditions --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2 --- Sustainable development of southwest rural China --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Current situation and ecological potential of southwest rural China --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Development models and sustainable construction practice in southwest rural China --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3 --- Inspiration to built environmental sustainability assessment --- p.60 / Chapter 3.4 --- Summary and conclusions --- p.63 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- FRAMEWORK OF BUILT ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT SYSTEM OF POOR RURAL AREAS OF SOUTHWEST CHINA --- p.64 / Chapter 4.1 --- Rural Built Environmental Sustainability Assessment System (RBESAS) --- p.64 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Aims of assessment --- p.64 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Scope of assessment --- p.64 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Structure and levels of the system --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2 --- Self-reliance capability issues and indicators --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Issue 1: Land and resources conservation --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Issue 2: Waste management --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Issue 3: Pollution control --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Issue 4: Food self-reliance --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Issue 5: Water self-reliance --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Issue 6: Housing self-reliance --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Issue 7: Safety and security --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Issue 8: Health and well-being --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2.9 --- Issue 9: Energy self-reliance --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2.10 --- Issue 10: Economic self-reliance --- p.103 / Chapter 4.3 --- Development capability issues and indicators --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Issue 11: Sustainable landscaping --- p.105 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Issue 12: Sustainable agriculture --- p.107 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Issue 13: Culture and context --- p.109 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Issue 14: Inclusiveness and participation --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Issue 15: Education and information --- p.114 / Chapter 4.4 --- Summary of issues of the assessment system --- p.115 / Chapter 4.5 --- Evaluation and assessment output --- p.117 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Quantitative and qualitative evaluation --- p.118 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- User-friendly for rural area --- p.118 / Chapter 4.6 --- Stakeholders and operation --- p.120 / Chapter 4.7 --- Summary and conclusions --- p.122 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- CASE STUDY --- p.124 / Chapter 5.1 --- Case I: Liudou Village --- p.126 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Project description --- p.126 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Analysis --- p.129 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Discussion --- p.150 / Chapter 5.2 --- Case II: Group 3 of Ma'anqiao Village --- p.151 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Project description --- p.151 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Analysis --- p.154 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Discussion --- p.172 / Chapter 5.3 --- Case III: Group 2 of Ma'anqiao Village --- p.172 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Project description --- p.172 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Analysis --- p.180 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Discussion --- p.197 / Chapter 5.4 --- Summary and conclusions --- p.197 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS --- p.200 / Chapter 6.1 --- Research summary --- p.200 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Fundamental research --- p.200 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Establishment of the framework of RBESAS --- p.201 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- Case study --- p.204 / Chapter 6.2 --- Conclusion and discussion --- p.204 / Chapter 6.3 --- Research contributions and limitations --- p.205 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Research contributions --- p.205 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Research limitations --- p.206 / Chapter 6.4 --- Needs for further research --- p.206 / REFERENCE --- p.207

The Cenozoic Ailaoshan – Red River shear zone marks the present day western margin of the South China Block. Along this margin are well preserved late Paleoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic sedimentary and volcanic successions. This work examines the ages and tectonic environments for the formation of the successions, as well as significance of the regional tectono-magmatic events on the formation of widespread iron oxide-copper deposits. The oldest succession is the Paleoproterozoic Dahongshan Group. A new SHRIMP UPb age of 1675 ± 8 Ma for a tuffaceous schist unit confirms its Paleoproterozoic age. Detrital zircon ages of the Dahongshan Group range between Archean to Paleoproterozoic (ca. 2780 – 1860 Ma). They include a population of ca. 2400 – 2100 Ma grains, which have no known source region on the exposed Yangtze Block. Previous geochemical studies of metavolcanic rocks from the Dahongshan Group have suggested that these rocks were erupted in an oceanic setting. However, this study shows that the metavolcanics are extremely altered and cannot be used for reliable tectonic discrimination. Based on the characteristics of sedimentary rocks in the Dahongshan Group, it is suggested that these rocks were deposited in a continental setting. Overlying the Dahongshan Group is a thick sedimentary sequence which has been variably termed the Kunyang, Dongchuan, Huili or Xide Groups. In the past, these rocks have been considered as a Mesoproterozoic rift succession. However, no precise age constraints were available for the succession. In this study, this sequence is found to contain at least two separate tectonostratigraphic units. The oldest (ca.1140 Ma) is comprised of alkaline basalt with a geochemical and isotopic character similar to that of modern intracontinental rift basalts. The presence of Cathaysia-derived sediments in this unit indicates sedimentary transportation from the southerly Cathaysia Block to the northerly Yangtze Block (in present coordinates) in South China at that time, which suggests an “impactogen” scenario. The thick sedimentary sequence of what has traditionally been defined as the Kunyang Group has been found to have significantly younger depositional age of ca.1000 – 960 Ma. The composition of sedimentary rocks and the provenance of detrital zircons from the Kunyang Group are consistent with a foreland basin setting. The depositional age of this sequence coincides with the timing of Sibao Orogeny as determined elsewhere in the South China Block. Summary Page ii Numerous iron oxide - copper (gold) deposits occur within the rocks of the Dahongshan and Kunyang Groups. Previous studies have classified these deposits into two deposit styles: the Dahongshan-type Paleoproterozoic VMS mineralisation hosted within the Dahongshan Group, and the Dongchuan-type diagenetic carbonate and shale-hosted deposits hosted within the Kunyang Group. However, both deposit types share similarities with the iron oxide – copper (gold) deposit class, such as stratabound disseminated and massive copper ores, abundance of iron oxide occurring mostly as low Ti - magnetite and haematite, and variable enrichments in Au, Ag, Co, F, Mo, P and REE. 40Ar/39Ar data from both deposit types indicate mineralisation ages of ca. 850 – 830 Ma and 780 – 740 Ma.

Because pronatalist sentiments may be an important aspect of Mexican-American ethnic heritage, this research focuses on cultural as well as socioeconomic factors which may contribute to higher Mexican-American fertility. Language use and nativity are used as indirect indicators of identification with an ethnic culture. Wives' characteristics are generally considered adequate to the study of couples' fertility, but in light of earlier research by the author indicating the importance of cultural factors to the fertility expectations of Mexican-American adolescent males, characteristics of husbands as well as wives are included in this analysis. For this reason, the sample, which is drawn from the 1980 Census data for Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico, is limited to Mexican-American and Anglo women who have been married only once and live with their husbands. Two complementary methods of analysis are used. Linear regression describes the significance of husband's and wife's language use, nativity, and socioeconomic characteristics to mean family size. Parity progression ratios are used to study the contribution of these variables to the likelihood of the addition of one more child at each stage of the family building process. While wife's characteristics are sufficient to account for most of the variation observed in Anglo fertility, husband's socioeconomic characteristics significantly contribute to variation observed in the fertility of Mexican-American couples. Husbands' identification with Mexican-American culture may be somewhat more important to couples' fertility than that of their wives. This is consistent with research which suggests that children are more central to male sex role expectations as they are expressed in the context of Mexican-American culture than in that of Anglos. The measures of ethnic identity used in this study are clearly associated with socioeconomic status. The differential fertility of Anglos and Mexican Americans could be attributed to these differences. The association of Spanish language use and fertility has been linked to the lower opportunity costs represented by additional children to women who do not speak English proficiently. However, the analysis of these data, which compares structural and cultural explanations of fertility differentials, provides evidence of cultural effects as well as the effects of socioeconomic status on fertility.

Master of Science / Department of Agronomy / DeAnn R. Presley / Through the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act, the U.S. government has set goals to decrease fossil fuel use and sustainably produce ethanol from biomass, rather than existing corn grain-based ethanol. In southwest Kansas, crop residues are necessary to protect soil from erosion and to contribute to soil organic carbon (SOC) levels, a key factor in most desirable characteristics of soil quality, and are positively related to soil and crop productivity. Our objective was to quantify the effect of different residue management treatments (residue continuously retained, residue continuously removed, and alternating year residue removal) on soil physical properties, chemical properties, and corn yield. For 2.5 years, measurements and samples were collected from a Hugoton loam (L) and Bigbow fine sandy loam (FSL) in southwest Kansas. Residue continuously removed decreased water stable aggregates ≥ 0.25 mm and mean weight diameter of aggregates in contrast to residue continuously retained treatments following two winter seasons at the Bigbow FSL site. In residue continuously removed treatment for the Bigbow FSL, dry aggregate size distribution (ASD) measurements at the soil surface in the fine sandy loam had higher levels of soil % < 0.84 mm (wind erodible fraction) during the winter season of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 by 6% and 15%, respectively. No significant differences in wet aggregate stability and ASD were measured at the Hugoton L site. Soil temperature and moisture levels monitored during the winter season showed a higher frequency of freeze-thaw cycles, which can be destructive to aggregates, in residue continuously removed plots. During the winter seasons of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010, the residue continuously removed treatments experienced three more freeze-thaw cycles than the residue continuously retained treatments in the Bigbow FSL soil. Bulk density measurements were variable, and no significant differences due to residue treatment were observed in both the loam and fine sandy loam. Total C, N, and exchangeable K were significantly different in residue continuously retained and removed plots due to residue treatment following 1 year of establishment of the study in the FSL. Total C was 14 g kg-1 and 8.7 g kg-1 in the residue continuously retained and removed treatments, respectively. Total N was 0.3 g kg-1 higher in the residue continuously retained versus the residue continuously removed treatment in the FSL. Irrigated continuous corn in southwest Kansas produces a lot of biomass, and has been reported to create emergence problems in the past. Corn emergence was slightly higher in residue continuously removed treatments in both the spring of 2009 and 2010, but differences were insignificant. No significant treatment effects on corn grain yield were observed in the duration of the study.

This thesis is a biographical life history of Dr. Bernard "Bunny" Fontana who was a cultural anthropologist, archaeologist, field researcher, writer, historian, a co-founder of a non-profit organization, a father, a husband and a friend. He spent his life writing about the Southwest primarily the Papago Tribe which is now known as the Tohono O'odham Nation (TON). In addition, he maintained a unique relationship with many O'odham people especially in the San Xavier community for nearly six decades, which is not something you hear every day. Prior to this thesis there has never been an extensive biography about Bunny nor has it ever been told from an O'odham's perspective. Furthermore, this thesis does not critique his work but instead dives into discovering "Who Is Dr. Bernard "Bunny" Fontana?"

Historically, archaeologists working on non-state societies have tended to interpret religion and large-scale religious architecture as necessarily integrative, that is, as naturalizing the social order or producing an abiding sense of community. I argue here that this focus on integration has limited our ability to understand how and why religion changed through time and how religion may have been a driver of social change. We will benefit from considering the political dimensions of religious practice in non-state societies as much as in more "complex" settings. This study explores the articulation of religious practice and religious architecture with social and spatial boundaries in the prehispanic U.S. Southwest. In particular, I examine variability and change in rectangular great kivas—large, semi-subterranean religious structures—in west-central New Mexico and east-central Arizona between 1000 and 1400 CE in relationship to socially diverse contexts that might be viewed as borderlands or frontiers. The study pulls together two broads strands of research. The first is an examination of the unusual great kiva at the thirteenth-century CE Fornholt site (LA 164471) near Mule Creek, New Mexico, in relation to the broader history of the surrounding Upper Gila area. This portion of the research is based on two seasons of excavation at Fornholt and on an examination of records and ceramic collections from the Upper Gila. I suggest that the Upper Gila may be considered a borderland or frontier through time and that viewing Fornholt as a borderland site sheds light on the site's material culture, including its great kiva. The second strand of research is a comparison of great kiva architecture and assemblages across the larger study area based on the examination of museum collections and the aggregation of published and unpublished architectural data. The broader study demonstrates that, while these great kivas make up a coherent tradition and fit within the larger world of southwestern religion, great kivas in borderland contexts show experimentation and change in ways that more centrally located great kivas do not. I argue that this diversity can be viewed in light of the negotiation of social boundaries in borderland contexts, including the role of great kivas as political venues or contested spaces.