Orientador: Elizeu Antonio Rossi / Banca: João Bosco Faria / Banca: Daniela Cardoso Umbelino Cavallini / Banca: Izildinha Moreno / Banca: Valéria Monteiro da Silva Eleutério Pulitano / Resumo: Esse estudo teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento de amostras de sorvete de "iogurte" simbiótico à base de extratos aquoso de soja e de yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) fermentado com Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL 1014. O L. acidophilus CRL 1014 foi caracterizado quanto à resistência ao pH e à sais biliares. Foram processadas formulações com diferentes proporções do extrato aquoso de yacon em substituição parcial ao extrato de soja, as quais foram submetidas à avaliações sensoriais para a definição da melhor combinação entre os extratos analisados. Também foi realizada a contagem de células viáveis do microrganismo em estudo na formulação selecionada. No processamento das amostras de "iogurte" foi verificado que quanto maior a quantidade de yacon presente nas diferentes formulações maior o tempo necessário para se atingir o pH estabelecido de 4,3, embora esse tempo tenha variado somente de 7,5 a 9,5 horas, exceto, para a formulação constituída somente por extrato de yacon, que ultrapassou o período de 10,5 horas sem ter o seu pH reduzido. A partir dos resultados obtidos nos testes sensoriais foi constatado que a formulação de "iogurte" contendo 100% de extrato de soja (sem extrato de yacon) obteve as maiores médias em termos absolutos para todos os atributos avaliados não diferindo da formulação com 75% de extrato de soja e 25% de extrato de yacon, sendo esta a selecionada para a etapa subseqüente deste estudo, uma vez que a formulação 1 não se caracteriza como sendo um produto simbiótico. A formulação 4 (iogurte com 25% de extrato de soja e 75% de extrato de yacon) foi a amostra que apresentou as menores médias em termos absolutos para todos os atributos avaliados. A contagem de células viáveis L. acidophilus CRL 1014 obtida para o "iogurte" simbiótico... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study aimed to develop samples of symbiotic frozen yogurt with soybean and yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL 1014. The L. acidophilus CRL 1014 was characterized for resistance to pH and bile salts. Formulations were processed with different proportion soybean water extract by adding yacon water extract, which were subjected to sensory evaluation to determine the best combination of the extract analyzed. The viable cells were counted in the formulation selected. In the processing of samples of yogurt was found that the higher concentration of yacon extract present in the different formulations increased the time required for the samples to reach the preset pH, although this time has varied only from 7.5 to 9.5 hours, except for the formulation consists of only yacon extract, which exceeded the period of 10.5 hours without having its pH reduced. From the results obtained in the sensory tests it was showed that the formulation of yogurt containing 100% of soy extract (no yacon extract) had the highest average in absolute terms for all sensory attributes and there was no significant difference between the formulation with 75% soy extract and 25% of yacon extract, this being selected as a basis for this study, since the formulation 1 is not characterized as a synbiotic product. Formulation 4 (yogurt with 25% of soy extract and 75% of yacon extract was a sample showing the lowest means in absolute terms for all attributes. The viability of L. acidophilus CRL 1014 obtained for the synbiotic yogurt 1.8 x 109 were above the recommended level from 106 to 107 CFU / mL, thus satisfying the criteria established for probiotic foods. From the tests of resistance to acidic conditions and to bile salts, it was found that L. acidophilus CRL 1014, despite having a time delay, was able to grow... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Typescript, etc.

No description available.

Average soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] yields in North Dakota remain below north central USA averages, and crop yield potentials. The effect of planting date (PD), cultivar relative maturity (RM), and seeding rate (SR), on yield, were evaluated in 821 producer fields in 2014-2016 seasons. Crop management varied by location. State average PD was 19 May, and planting after 1 May reduced yield average 0.4% d-1. Planting a cultivar with 0.1 RM earlier than recommended reduced yield by 1.3%. Producers estimated seedling mortality at 10%; when observed, it was 12.3%. An additional 7.9% reduction of established population occurred in-season. In-season plant reductions of 4.5% were also observed in research trials. North Dakota producers should plant closer to 1 May if conditions are favorable, select latest-maturing cultivars adapted for area, maximize established plant population relative to seeding rate, and determine causes of in-season plant reductions to adapt management practices if necessary.

A model of local elevator basis levels was developed to quantify the response of corn, soybean and hard red spring wheat basis to a set of predefined predictors. Basis data from 2013 – 2016 for 12 grain elevators in Eastern North Dakota were collected. A maximum likelihood mixed effect model was used to test the significance of alternative predictor variables and further divided the residuals into temporal and spatial components. The results indicate that the base model was able to explain 57 to 87 percent of the local basis variability for the selected crops at the individual elevators. In addition, the findings suggest that the temporal portion of the remaining variability is greater than the spatial variability for corn and soybean, but similar for hard red spring wheat. / North Dakota State University. Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics

Soybeans are able to obtain nitrogen from two different sources, nitrogen found in the soil (e.g. from fertilizers) and biologically fixed nitrogen (from symbiotic bacteria called rhizobia). Nitrogen source and degree of reliance on N-fixation can impact plant nitrogen dynamics, which has the potential to impact above-ground herbivore performance. We examined the impact of nitrogen availability and rhizobial association on soybean aphid biology and reproduction in a series of greenhouse and field experiments. Aphid establishment on plants was not significantly affected in any experiment. However, aphid reproduction was significantly affected by rate of nitrogen fertilization, rhizobial inoculation, and type of rhizobial seed inoculant. In general, aphid densities were not correlated with plant parameters associated with plant nitrogen or N-fixation. Producers commonly use fertilizers and rhizobial seed inoculants, thus it is important to continue exploring the mechanisms underlying how plant nitrogen dynamics impact soybean insect pests.

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) is one of the most important crops of the world. Among the various viruses infecting soybean, peanut mottle virus is most commonly found on soybeans in areas where they are grown in close proximity to peanuts. This research was conducted with the primary objective of identifying new genes for resistance to peanut mottle virus. To assign a gene symbol to the resistance gene in cultivar CNS, it was crossed with 'Peking'. Both the F2 and F2:3 lines segregated in a ratio which is expected when one dominant and one recessive gene at two different loci are segregating. Previous studies indicate the presence of one dominant gene in CNS and one recessive gene in Peking for resistance against PMV. This clearly suggests that Peking and CNS possess different resistance genes, which are non-allelic to each other. Now that, all the allelism tests are complete, the resistance gene in CNS can be assigned a gene symbol of Rpv3. PI 486355, a resistant line, was crossed with susceptible cultivars Lee 68 and Essex to study the mode of inheritance of resistance. This PI was found to possess two independent dominant genes for resistance to peanut mottle virus. It was also crossed with 'York' and CNS which are known to have resistance genes at the Rpv1 and Rpv3 loci, respectively. Data from inoculations of F2 and F2:3 progenies indicated that one gene was allelic to Rpv1 and the other is at a locus different from both Rpv1 and Rpv3. PI 398593 was crossed with Lee 68, York, Peking and CNS for studying the nature of resistance genes present in it. No certain conclusions can be drawn regarding the nature of the resistance gene(s) at this stage because of inconsistent behavior of the PI itself. The F2 data of the crosses of PI 398593 with Lee 68, York and CNS supported a recessive nature of the resistance gene present in the PI. F2 plants of the cross PI 398593 x Peking segregated but, not in the expected ratio. F2:3 data of only one cross (PI 398593 x York) supported the recessive nature of the PI resistance gene whereas the other two crosses (PI 398593 x CNS and PI 398593 x Peking) did not support these findings. From the data available it appears that the resistance is at least partially influenced by the environment. The mode of inheritance of resistance in PI 96983, 'Kwanggyo', 'Toano', 'Jizuka', 'Raiden' and 'Suweon 97' was studied by crossing these cultivars with PMV susceptible cultivars and inoculating the F2 populations of these crosses. In all these cultivars resistance is governed by a single dominant gene. PI 96983, Toano, Jizuka and Suweon 97 were also crossed with York to determine the allelic relationships. Resistance genes in all these cultivars were found to be allelic to Rpv1. Since each of the cultivars also has a single dominant gene at the same locus for resistance to soybean mosaic virus, it is possible that resistance to both viruses is controlled by the same gene. / Master of Science

Interactions between corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and soybean, Glycine max L. (Merrill), were investigated in the Mid-South to evaluate thresholds and damage levels. Field studies were conducted in both indeterminate and determinate modern cultivars to evaluate damage, critical injury levels, and soybean response to simulated corn earworm injury. Field studies were also conducted to evaluate the response of indeterminate cultivars to infestations of corn earworm. Field studies were also conducted to investigate the relationship between pyrethroid insecticide application and corn earworm oviposition in soybean. Results of field studies involving simulated corn earworm damage indicated the need for a dynamic threshold that becomes more conservative as soybean phenology progressed through the reproductive growth stages. This suggested that soybean was more tolerant to fruit loss during the earlier reproductive stages and was able to compensate for fruit loss better during this time than at later growth stages. Results of field studies involving infestations of corn earworm indicated that current thresholds are likely too liberal. This resulted in economic injury level tables being constructed based upon a range of crop values and control costs, however, a general action threshold was also recommended for indeterminate soybean in the Mid-South. Field study results investigating the relationship of pyrethroid application and corn earworm oviposition indicated that even in the presence of an insecticide, corn earworm prefers to oviposit in the upper portion of the canopy, as well as on the leaves as opposed to all other plant parts, consistent with all previous literature.

The kudzu bug is an invasive species to the United States, and it has recently become a problem in the southern U.S. Experiments were conducted to examine the potential damage to vegetative stage soybean, with findings suggesting that kudzu bugs pose little threat to vegetative stage soybean in Mississippi soybean production systems. Foliar insecticides are an effective option for management of kudzu bug, however, neonicotinoid seed treatments are not recommended as an effective management strategy. Kudzu bug population densities of nymphs peaked in early August in soybean, and adult densities peaked in late September. This project was designed to develop a better understanding of the damage potential that kudzu bugs can cause as well as the best control methods available.

Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., is planted across a vast amount of land in the Mid-Southern U.S. (Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee), and yield responses to defoliation can vary. Experiments were conducted during 2015-2017 evaluating how soybean yield responds to multiple and continuous defoliation, as well as planting date and plant population. Multiple defoliation events were evaluated by defoliating soybean at varying levels at V3, V6, and both growth stages. There was no interaction between defoliation occurring at V3 and V6 growth stages, indicating that the impact of each defoliation event was independent of the other. The effect of continuous defoliation was evaluated by defoliating soybean weekly, beginning at V2. Defoliation continued throughout the vegetative growth stages or throughout the entire growing season, and was compared to the same defoliation level occurring one time at R3. Continuous defoliation during vegetative growth stages only, did not reduce yield at any of the levels tested. Defoliation occurring throughout the growing season reduced yields more than a one-time defoliation event at R3, but only when defoliation levels exceeded the 20% defoliation threshold. This indicates that thresholds do not need to be modified to account for multiple or continuous defoliation. To evaluate the effect of planting date on yield loss from defoliation, soybean was planted at six planting dates beginning in early-April and continuing through mid-June. Each planting date included a defoliated treatment and an undefoliated control. It was determined that later planted soybean lose a greater amount of yield than earlier planted. Higher yielding soybean also lost more yield than lower yielding soybean at every planting date until Mid-June. It was concluded that late planted soybeans could benefit from a lower treatment threshold. The effect of plant population on yield loss from defoliation was evaluated by planting soybean at five populations ranging from 123,500 seeds/ha to 420,070 seeds/ha. A undefoliated control and a defoliated treatment was included for each plant population. Defoliation significantly reduced yields only where final plant populations were lower than 192,800 plants/ha. This indicates that fields with substandard plant populations are more susceptible to yield loss from defoliating pests.