Thesis (M.S.)--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2006. / Typescript. Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Richard Wolff. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-131).

Thesis (M.S)--Ohio University, March, 2005. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 78-83)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 1922. / "Private edition, distributed by the University of Chicago libraries, Chicago, Illinois." "Reprinted from the Astrophysical journal, vol. LVI, no. 1, July, 1922." Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Lehigh University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references and vita.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 1917. / "Private Edition, Distributed by the University of Chicago Libraries, Chicago, Illinois." "Reprinted from the Astrophysical journal, vol. XLVII, no. 2, March 1918." Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

The problem of interpreting the small systematic displacements of solar absorption lines towards longer wavelengths relative to the corresponding laboratory wave-lengths – the so-called solar red shifts – has ranked as one of the most controversial problems in solar physics ever since its discovery by Jewell in 1896. The observational and theoretical difficulties which confronted the pioneer workers in this field are reviewed in Chapter I of this thesis. The year 1920 marks the beginning of a new phase in the development of the problem, since this was when Saha introduced his Ionization Theory which formed a completely new conception of the physical conditions prevailing in the solar atmosphere. At the same time, the announcement that an eclipse experiment made in 1919 appeared to confirm Einstein's prediction regarding the value of the light deflection, encouraged the belief that the gravitational red shift was implicit in the observed values of the solar red shifts; consequently, the latter were taken as resulting from a superposition of this predicted displacement upon the Doppler effects of radial currents in the solar atmosphere. The validity of this relativity-radial current interpretation is examined in Chapter II on the basis of observational data presently at our disposal. Our survey serves to show that, although many features of the solar red shifts can be explained by assuming that the steady state of the solar atmosphere is being maintained by a microscopic circulation associated with the solar granulation, the well-established observational fact that the absolute (Sun-arc) displacements are generally in excess of the relativity value at the edge of the disk (where the Doppler effects should vanish) is in contradiction to the conventional interpretation. This difficulty was fully appreciated by Professor Freundlich, who held the opinion that it might arise as a result of attempting to fit the observational data into a framework to which they did not rightly belong. It was this attitude which stimulated Freundlich (1954) to propose his revolutionary hypothesis that the red shifts observed in stellar spectra were produced as a result of some unknown interaction mechanism whereby light loses energy as it travels through space. Since this view did not appear to be compatible with the existence of the gravitational red shift, it was considered to be of the utmost importance to analyse the solar red shift data – which were much more reliable than those based on stellar observation – without taking it for granted that this effect existed, and determine whether the observed value supported Freundlich's interpretation. This was the original object of the present research, begun in September 1955. The major results of the initial two years' work carried out by the writer in collaboration with Professor Freundlich at the Department of Astronomy of St Andrews University are contained in the three reprints from the Annales d'Astrophysique which are submitted along with this thesis: they appear to confirm the validity of Freundlich's hypothesis, at the same time revealing no indication of the predicted gravitational red shift. Nevertheless, it was recognised that these conclusions were necessarily based upon a relatively small amount of observational material, and efforts were made by the writer to collect additional data with a view to investigating in more detail the observational properties of the solar red shifts, with particular reference to their dependency upon wavelength and excitation potential. Chapters III and IV are concerned with a description of the observational programme carried out with this intent at the Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Italy, and the Universitäts-Sternwarte, Göttingen during the three-year period between October 1957 and September 1960. Much has happened during this time, however, which has cause us to reconsider the problem of the solar red shifts in an entirely different light. The present viewpoint is expressed in Chapter V.

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of whether Behavioral Skills Training (BST) was effective in teaching PEAK-DT to parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Along with, if parent implementation of PEAK was effective in increasing the children’s PEAK scores. Three parents and their child with autism were participants in the current study using the PEAK Relational Training System-Direct Training module (PEAK-DT). The procedure first required the parents to read information on how to implement the programs found in the introduction of the PEAK-DT module. Following this step, parents observed their child’s therapy sessions conducted at an ABA clinic by student therapists. Next, the parents were instructed to implement three programs and received feedback from the child’s therapist. Implementation fidelity was collected based on the parent performance and child progress was recorded based on percent correct responding within the actual program. Each parent was able to successfully implement programs within the PEAK-DT module within their child’s therapy sessions and the children were accurately responding and two of the three children had increases in skill acquisition. The results of the present study suggest that training parents using a BST model to implement PEAK-DT was effective in teaching children with autism.

Current diagnostic criteria for autism are guided by the 'Triad of Impairments' (Wing & Gould, 1979), of which 'social impairment' forms an individual category. Social difficulties have been observed in children with autism under the age of two years and the difficulties continue throughout adulthood. Few studies have used computer-based training packages (CBTP's) to facilitate social competency in individuals with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). The present study was completed in two phases: Phase I -compared 14 individuals with ASD (IQ ý: 70), ten individuals with no disabilities (ND) and eight individuals with mild mental retardation (MR; IQ 50-70) on their ability to identify appropriate and inappropriate social interactions using 12 scenarios on a tailor-made DVD. Phase H- the ASD group was divided into two groups. Eight individuals were trained using six of the scenarios from Phase I and eight new scenarios. Following training, both groups with ASD re-viewed the 12 scenarios shown in Phase I. The results showed that individuals with ASD were less able_to identify appropriate and inappropriate social skills than individuals with MR (t (18) = 4.9, p<00 1) or ND (t (13) = 7.5, p<00 1). The severity of the autistic symptoms negatively impacted on performance (r (14) =- . 83, p<. 001). The training group significantly improved their performance (z = -2.52, p= . 05) on both trained (z = -2.207, p= . 027) and untrained scenarios (z = -2.032, p . 042). The untrained group scores showed no significant difference between Phase I and Phase II. The current study identified that individuals with autism have more difficulty understanding inappropriate and appropriate behaviour than their MR and ND peers. However the DVD was an effective method of training a component of social competency for this population. Within the trained group, ability improved on untrained as well as trained scenarios, this suggests a generalisation of skills rather than rote learning or practice effects. Future studies would benefit from addressing how to generalise this skill from computers to 'real-life' situations.

A detailed photophysicochemical study of some non-transition metal (AI, Zn, Si, Ge, and Sn) metallophthalocyanine (MPc) derivatives is presented. The effects of substituents, central metal ions and solvents on the photophysical and photochemical properties are investigated and rationalized accordingly. The presence of peripheral substituents on the macrocycle enhances the yield of the triplet state. Near infra-red absorptions of the solvents reveal that solvents which absorb around 1100 nm and around 1270 nm, quench the triplet state of the MPc derivative and singlet oxygen, respectively. Although water has a high singlet oxygen quenching effect, the singlet oxygen quantum yield (Φ∆) value for sulphonated zinc phthalocyanine in water is still reasonably high at 0.48, which may provide an explanation for the efficient photosensitization by this molecule in photodynamic studies. The lowering of Φ∆ following protonation of the MPc macrocycle is attributed to the lowering of triplet energy to the level where energy transfer to ground state oxygen is no longer favourable. MPc inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins showed larger Φ∆ values when compared to the complexes before inclusion. Job's plots show that 2:1 and 4:1 (CD:MPc) complexes may be formed. Fluorescence quenching by electron donors and acceptors were analysed by StemVolmer relationship and the results used in determining fluorescence lifetimes of the complexes. Qualitative and quantitative interpretations of the interaction of sulphonated MPcs with bovine serum albumin (BSA) are provided in this thesis. 1:1 adducts were formed with BSA, but the binding feasibilities varied markedly. Spectral, photophysical and photochemical properties of the complexes are altered in the presence of BSA.

In this thesis, the spectrum and energy efficiency of cooperative spectrum prediction (CSP) in cognitive radio networks are investigated. In addition, the performance of CSP is evaluated using a hidden Markov model (HMM) and a multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network. The cooperation between secondary users in predicting the next channel status employs AND, OR and majority rule fusion schemes. These schemes are compared for HMM and MLP predictors as a function of channel occupancy in terms of prediction error, spectrum efficiency and energy efficiency. The impact of busy and idle state prediction errors on the spectrum efficiency is determined. Further, the spectrum efficiency is compared for different numbers of primary users (PUs). Simulation results are presented which show a significant improvement in the spectrum efficiency using CSP with the majority rule at the cost of a small degradation in energy efficiency compared to single spectrum prediction (SSP) and traditional spectrum sensing (TSS). The HMM predictor provides better performance than the MLP predictor. Moreover, the total probability of prediction error with the majority rule provides the best performance compared to SSP and the other fusion rules. On the other hand, the AND and OR rules have the worst performance in the high and low traffic cases, respectively. The majority rule provides a good tradeoff between busy and idle state prediction errors compared with the AND and OR rules and SSP. Further, a reduction in the busy state prediction error increases the SE more compared to a reduction in the idle state prediction error. / Graduate