Thesis (doctoral)--München, 1981.

Digitized by Kansas State University Libraries

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 168-183). Also available on microfiche.

The following notes were taken during the early spring, fall and winter of 1913, and the spring of 1914. This parasite, a description of which, both male and female, was published in the Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., vol. VI, No. I, pp. 125-126, is a true internal parasite, the larval forms living within the body tissues of its host, the female San Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst., except during the last part of the second larval stage as at this time the entire contents of the host are consumed by the larva, which, after passing its waste, pupates in the empty skin of the scale. Both male and female parasites emerge from the empty skins of second-stage and early third-stage female scales, but by far the largest number emerge from second-stage scales. The following description of the life cycle of the parasite, which has been worked out, is that of a parasite maturing in and emerging from a second stage scale. No doubt the development of those which emerge from third stage scales is the same.

No description available.

Biological characteristics (oviposition and survival rates) and esterase banding patterns were investigated to evaluate the extent of variation among three test populations of Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera. Aleyrodidae). In terms of reproductive capabilities, whiteflies from the cotton (Gossvviurn hirsutum L.) and pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne) populations performed similarly on the three host plant species tested. Both populations, which originated from the same wild-type field population, reproduced to higher levels on either cotton and pumpkin hosts than on a poinsettia (Euahorbia vulcherrirna Willdenow) host. In contrast, whiteflies from the poinsettia population differed from cotton- and pumpkin-reared populations in that reproductive capabilities were relatively similar for the three host species tested. For whiteflies from pumpkin and cotton populations a similar and characteristic esterase banding pattern ("A-type") was observed, while whiteflies from the poinsettia population yielded a different banding pattern ("B- type"). In transmission studies, whiteflies from cotton or pumpkin sources did not induce silverleaf (SL) or white stem (WS) symptoms in Cucurbita spp. tested. In contrast, poinsettia population whiteflies were routinely associated with SL and WS symptom phenotypes which developed in Cucurbita spp. following exposure to whitefly adults. From these data, it is possible to correlate a specific esterase banding pattern (A or B) with reproductive capabilities and either the ability or inability to induce SL and WS symptoms.

The squash bug, Anasa tristis De Geer (Hemiptera: Coreidae), is a serious pest of cucurbit crops across the US, especially within summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) systems. Using its piercing sucking mouthparts, squash bug feeds on both leaf tissue and fruits, potentially leading to leaf necrosis, seedling death, and yield loss. Currently, A. tristis management strategies in summer squash focus exclusively on insecticide applications. Given that continuous use of insecticides imposes negative side effects on many non-target species, the major objective of this dissertation was to identify new and understudied management strategies for minimizing A. tristis damage in Virginia summer squash. To accomplish this goal, we first performed experiments to test the effects of colored mulches on squash bug density. A two-year field replicated study conducted in 2019 and 2020 in southwest Virginia found that black, white, and reflective plastic mulch colors had no effect on squash bug adult, egg mass, or nymphal densities. Overall, we observed a broad plastic mulch effect, as summer squash plants grown in any plastic mulch color tended to harbor greater densities of squash bug life stages than plants grown on bare ground. Next, the potential of augmentative releases of egg parasitoid, Hadronotus pennsylvanicus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) was assessed by deploying lab-reared parasitoids on organic farms growing summer squash in southeastern Virginia in 2020 and 2021. In both years, we found higher levels of A. tristis egg parasitism at H. pennsylvanicus release sites compared to sites where the parasitoids were not released. Further, higher egg parasitism at the release sites was observed within two weeks of the field deployment date. The third goal of this dissertation research was to characterize the relationship between squash bug life stages and marketable summer squash yield. In 2020 and 2021, summer squash fields were established in Whitethorne, Virginia and individual plants were labeled as either 'managed' or 'infested'. Managed plants were subject to weekly manual removal of all squash bug egg masses and nymphs, while infested plants were left to have natural densities of squash bug life stages. We performed weekly A. tristis surveys on all infested plants in both years and added H. pennsylvanicus surveys on infested and managed plants in 2021. Also, we collected all fruit produced by each plant. Managed plants were found to produce more marketable fruit and fewer squash bug-damaged fruit than infested plants. Linear regression analyses of initial two-week accumulated squash bug life stage counts displayed adult and nymph densities to be significantly associated with marketable fruit yield per plant. However, nymphs showed a considerably stronger relationship with marketable yield than did adults. Hadronotus pennsylvanicus was visually sampled during each of the eight sampling weeks, but did not exhibit high egg parasitism until the latter half of the sampling interval. Lastly, we evaluated the toxicity of reduced risk insecticides on A. tristis nymphs and H. pennsylvanicus adults. To do so, we conducted laboratory bioassays exposing nymphs to insecticide treated summer squash fruit and parasitoids to treated filter paper, and recorded mortality at 24, 48, and 72 h following initial exposure. Only one reduced risk insecticide, flupyradifurone, was found to be highly toxic to squash bug nymphs and nontoxic to the parasitoids. Overall, the results of these studies will offer much needed information to improve the success and sustainability of squash bug management programs, as well as provide a fundamental basis and spark motivation for future research in squash bug biological control. / Doctor of Philosophy / The squash bug is a serious insect pest of summer squash across the United States. Squash bugs inflict damage by feeding on plant leaves, stems, and fruits, leading to significant reductions in fruit yield and overall economic losses for growers. To date, farmers have few useful tools to minimize squash bug damage in their summer squash crop, and resort to over-applying insecticides. While this use of insecticides helps lower squash bug numbers, it often has negative side effects on the environment and important beneficial insect species like pollinators. To better understand the squash bug as a summer squash pest and to promote nonchemical ways to reduce squash bug damage, this dissertation research pursued answers to questions regarding: (1) the effect of plastic mulch color on squash bug numbers, (2) the use of squash bug natural enemies to control squash bugs, (3) the relationship between numbers of squash bugs and damaged summer squash fruits, and (4) whether new types of insecticides can control squash bugs and also be safe for beneficial insects. The results of this research will provide new insights on current issues with squash bug pest management. In particular, this work will provide summer squash farmers with useful knowledge that can be applied to their future efforts to responsibly control squash bugs in their fields and maximize their crop yields. With more research-supported and sustainable squash bug control tools, farmers will be able to not only adopt more environmentally-friendly food production practices, but also lower their overhead farm management costs and ultimately provide higher quality squash to consumers.

During the game of squash, the transfer of thermal energy to the squash ball is integral to increase the bounce height of the ball. This investigation involves the transfer of thermal energy to squash balls of the same brand and specification to observe the effect on hang time. Preliminary work involved determining the specific heat capacity of the squash balls. On completing the investigation, the results showed a linear relationship between the thermal energy applied and the hang time.

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Ricardo Weigert Coelho / Dissertaçao (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciencias Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduaçao em Educaçao Física. Defesa: Curitiba, 03/03/2010 / Bibliografia: fls. 41-47 / Área de concentraçao: Exercício e esporte / Resumo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo relacionar os niveis de secrecao do hormonio cortisol com o tempo de jogo das partidas em uma etapa da competicao estadual de squash, realizada na cidade de Curitiba em 2009, em situacoes de repouso, pre e pos-competicao. A amostra foi composta por 36 atletas de primeira a quinta classe no genero masculino e 14 atletas de primeira e segunda classe no genero feminino, todos da categoria adulta. O metodo empregado para analise foi o IMMULITE Quimiluminescente de analise do cortisol salivar. A analise estatistica foi realizada com o auxilio do programa estatistico SPSS, versao 16, considerando um nivel de significancia de p<0,05. Os resultados da Analise de Variancia Multifatorial (ANCOVA) demonstrou significancia somente na variavel genero, Wilk Ls Lambda ƒÉ=0,843, F(1,50), P=0,015. Os resultados das inter-relacoes das demais variaveis nao foram significativos a nivel preditivo de P<0,05. O resultado da Analise de Regressao para verificar a relacao causa e efeito entre a variavel independente concentracao de cortisol pre e pos-jogo nao apresentou significancia em nivel de P<0,05. Concluiu-se que houve diferenca significativa entre repouso, pre e pos-jogo, que nao houve diferenca significativa entre as concentracoes de cortisol e tempo medio jogo, constatou-se diferenca significativa das concentracoes de cortisol entre o generos feminino e masculino com F(1,49)=11,945, p=0,001, ou seja, o genero feminino apresentou concentracoes de cortisol menores com X=0,010, d.p.=0,24 que os atletas do genero masculino (X=0,63, d.p.=0,54), identificou-se que nao houve diferenca significativa nas concentracoes de cortisol em vitoria e derrota tanto para o genero feminino quanto para o masculino. Outros estudos devem ser realizados com diferentes indicadores para confirmar estes esultados. / Abstract: The purpose of this study was two fold: first to test a cause/effect relationship between the independent variables (sex type, outcome results, categories 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) with salivary cortisol concentration and second, identifying the association between time of play with cortisol concentration. The data was collected by IMMULITE Chemiluminescent method. The subjects were 36 male volunteers squash athletes form first to fifth class and 14 female volunteers squash athletes from first and second class.The data was analyzed by Ancova and regression analyses at a predictive level of p<0,05. The results showed no ignificant effect among all variables but sex, which demonstrated a significant p<0,05. It was concluded that female squash athletes had experienced much less stress than male athletes.