Orientador: Roberto Alves de Oliveira / Banca: Luiz Carlos Pavani / Banca: Tania Leme de Almeida / Banca: Valeria Del Nery / Banca: Giovana Tommaso / Resumo: Avaliou-se o desempenho de doisconjuntosde reatores UASB instalados em série, notratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura, e o reúso dos efluentes na adubação de milho e sorgo. Os conjuntos I e II foram compostos por dois reatores UASB em série com volumes de 908 e 350 L e de 908 e 188 L, respectivamente. No conjunto II foi realizado o pós-tratamento em um reator aeróbio operado em bateladas seqüenciais (RBS) de 3000 L. Os tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) aplicados no reator do primeiro estágio (R1) foram de 72, 54 e 42 horas em ambos os conjuntos. As cargas orgânicas volumétricas (COV) aplicadas no R1 variaram de 6,9 a 12,6 kg DQOtotal (m3 d)-1 e de 7,5 a 9,8 kg DQOtotal (m3 d)-1, dos conjuntos I e II respectivamente. Nos sistemas de tratamento anaeróbios, as eficiências médias de remoção de DQOtotal, nitrogênio Kjeldahl (NK) e fósforo total (P-total) no conjunto I atingiram 96, 68 e 64%, respectivamente, e no conjunto II, 95, 61 e 60%, respectivamente. Para Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn, as eficiências médias de remoção dos sistemas de tratamento anaeróbio, no conjunto I atingiram 94, 88, 78 e 92%, respectivamente, e no conjunto II, 82, 80, 81 e 90%, respectivamente. Com a inclusão do RBS aeróbio no sistema II, as eficiências aumentaram para valores de 98, 73 e 82% para DQOtotal, NK e P-total, respectivamente, e de 88, 91, 86, 99 e 99,3%, para Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn e coliformes termotolerantes, respectivamente. O reúso dos efluentes tratados e do dejeto bruto, não promoveu mudanças na produtividade do milho e do sorgo, porém, a aplicação dos efluentes tratados elevaram as concentrações de N prontamente disponível para as plantas no solo. Mesmo aplicados em doses muito maiores comparativamente ao dejeto bruto, os efluentes tratados promoveram menor contaminação do solo por coliformes totais e termotolerantes / Abstract: The performance of two sets of UASB reactors installed in series was evaluated, for treatment of swine wastewater, and reuse of effluent as fertilizer for corn and sorghum. The sets I and II were composed of two UASB reactors in series with volumes of 908 and 350 L and 908 L and 188, respectively. In set II was performed after treatment in an aerobic reactor operated in sequencing batch mode (RBS) of 3,000 L. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) used in the first stage reactor (R1) were 72, 54 and 42 hours in both sets. The organic loading rate (OLR) applied on the R1, ranged from 6.9 to 12.6 kg total COD (m3 d)-1 and 7.5 to 9.8 kg total COD (m3 d)-1 in clusters I and II respectively. In anaerobic treatment systems, the average removal efficiencies of total COD, Kjeldahl nitrogen (NK) and total phosphorus (total P) in the set I reached 96, 68 and 64% respectively, and set II, 95, 61 and 60%, respectively. For Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, the average removal efficiencies of anaerobic treatment systems, on the whole I reached 94, 88, 78 and 92% respectively, and set II, 82, 80, 81 and 90% respectively . With the inclusion of aerobic RBS in the set II, increased efficiencies, reaching values of 98, 73 and 82% for total COD, total-P and NK, respectively, and 88, 91, 86, 99 and 99.3% for Cu , Fe, Mn, Zn and thermotolerant coliforms, respectively. The reuse of treated effluent and raw manure, did not promote changes in the productivity of maize and sorghum, however, the application of treated effluent increased concentrations of N readily available for plants in soil. Even in much larger doses applied compared to the raw waste, the treated effluent, promoted soil contamination by total coliforms and thermotolerant considerably less / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:59:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 borges_srt_me_botfmvz.pdf: 543954 bytes, checksum: e9db7a1524342c6af1adf4f74190eb56 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de avaliar os níveis de biossegurança, nos anos de 2001 à 2003, na totalidade das 10 (dez) granjas de reprodutores suínos (GRSC) do Estado de São Paulo certificadas pelo Ministério da Agricultura (MAPA) de acordo com os critérios de pontuação e resultados de provas e testes diagnósticos legalmente estabelecidos. Para o estudo da biossegurança, foram conferidos pontos (variando de 0 a 2) para cada critério (distancia em relação a outras unidades de criação, densidade de rebanhos num raio de 3,5 km, granjas fornecedoras de matrizes para reposição do plantel, distância entre a rodovia que transporta suínos, isolamento da granja (cerca e cinturão verde, controle de visitas, existência de quarentenário, origem da ração, transporte da ração). Foram realizadas 6.297 provas sorológicas para Peste Suína Clássica (2.023), Doença de Aujeszky (2.001), Brucelose (2.085), Leptospirose (188) e 1.001 testes de reação alérgica para tuberculose. Relativamente à biossegurança, 4 (quatro) granjas foram qualificadas com nível A, 5 (cinco) granjas como nível B e 1 (uma) granja com nível C. Relativamente aos resultados de provas e testes de diagnóstico, apenas 1 granja do nível A apresentou testes positivos para leptospirose no primeiro ano de certificação e a partir desta data passou a vacinar seus animais contra leptospirose à semelhança das demais 9 granjas devida à endemicidade da doença. Dentre as de nível B, uma granja apresentou animais infectados com M. avium e em uma granja de nível C foram detectados animais positivos para M. avium e brucelose no quarentenário. Estes resultados indicam necessidade de aprimoramento das medidas de biossegurança no tocante à prevenção e/ou controle de roedores sinantrópicos, de aves de vida livre e aquisição de animais de granjas também GRSC, porém, de nível igual ou superior. / The aim of this research is the evaluation of biosafety levels during the period from 2001 to 2003, in a total of 10 swine breeder farmers located in São Paulo state - Brazil and certificated by the Ministry of Agriculture according to scores and diagnostic tests legally established. For this purpose, each variable scored in 0 to 2 were: distance from other swine farms; herds density in 3,5Km ray area; breeder supplier farms; distance from road for swine transportation; farm isolation; control of visitors; installation for animal quarantine; ration origin and transportation. There were performed 6,297 diagnostic tests for Classical Swine Fever (2.023) - Aujeszky disease (2.001), Brucellosis (2.085), Leptospirosis (188) and 1.001 alergic tests for tuberculosis. As a result of biosafety, 4, 5 and 1 farms were scored respectively as A, B and C levels. For diagnostic tests, only one farm of level A had positive animals for Leptospirosis in the first year of certification and since then all the animals were vaccinated against leptospirosis, as the others 9 did due to the endemicity of this disease. In one farm among those of level B, it was diagnosed the presence of M. avium and in one farm of C level it was detected M. avium and in the quarantine station was diagnosed brucellosis. These results points up the need for improving the biosafety measures related to rodents and free life avian prevention and/or control and selection of GRSC breeder supplier farms with equal or higher biosafety level.

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The present thesis is a study of the factors that affect the assessment of rate and efficiency of gain in Yorkshire swine in the pre and post-weaning stages of growth. Calculations from metabolism data for growing swine and measurement of the milk production of Yorkshire sows were used to demonstrate the inability of a sow to produce sufficient milk (energy) for her suckling young about 12 to 20 days post-farrowing. A well balanced high energy creep ration was used in a commercial swine herd to overcome the energy debt to suckling piglets and provide for attainment of maximum growth, and hence, reduce the time required by them to reach 200 pounds. The affect of subnormal hemoglobin levels on pre-weaning growth rates and weaning weights of suckling piglets was investigated. The need of a continuous supply of iron and energy (creep ration) for suckling piglets to produce normal hemoglobin levels and to permit them to grow at their genetic potential was demonstrated. Energy content of gain and resting energy metabolism data were used to calculate post-weaning feed requirements of four experimental litters that were 12½ percent inbred. The post-weaning growth studies show uniformity of litter averages for several economic characters of swine, but variations within litters were high as shown by large standard deviations. The relationship between post-weaning rate of gain, feed efficiency and dressed carcass is discussed. The results demonstrate the possibility of rapidly improving rate and efficiency of gain in swine if selection is based on the performance of individual animals. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Two hereditary defects, Congenital Dropsy of cattle and Atresia of swine, are investigated. The introduction makes reference to the evolutionary significance of lethal and sub-lethal characters and compares it to the importance of such factors to the practical breeding of livestock. Some reviews published on the hereditary defects of farm animals are listed. Part one is concerned with the congenital dropsy defect which was observed and studied in the Ubyssey herd of registered Ayrshire dairy cattle owned and bred by the University of British Columbia. The history of the herd and the breeding practices employed since the herd's foundation are outlined. A single-factor recessive genetic hypothesis to account for the occurrence of the ten defective calves is formulated and tested. Genetic analyses of the pedigrees of 153 of the 501 calves born in the herd up to September 30, 1951 indicated the average theoretical probability of the defect occuring to be 0.0853. A test for the ''goodness of fit'' was applied and showed that the sample studied fits the hypothesis. The etiology and pathogenesis of the defect are investigated under a working immunogenetic hypothesis based on the two assumptions: l) that the defect, congenital dropsy, is the counterpart of the hereditary disease of new-born infants, Erythroblastosis fetalis; 2) that the Rhesus isoimmunization theory which serves to explain the familial incidence of the disease in humans may be adapted to the genetics of cattle populations. The immunogenetic studies undertaken to test this hypothesis are described and an explanation of the results, aberrant to the hypothesis, is offered. Part two deals with a more complex hereditary defect. Atresia ani of swine. The literature is reviewed. The histories and pedigrees of three abnormal litters born in a local herd of registered Yorkshire swine are presented. Two explanations of the possible mode of inheritance of the defect are put forward and tested on the sample available for study. The recommendations made to the breeder which would enable him to rid his particular herd of breeding stock of the defect are quoted. The conclusion is a brief discussion of the problems confronting the breeder of registered livestock in whose herds or flocks a hereditary defect occurs. The appendices include explanations of the methods used to calculate the coefficients of inbreeding and of probability. The chi-square test for ''goodness of fit” is outlined. The procedures for the serological reactions employed in the immunogenetic study of cattle are also presented. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Liquid anaerobic waste collected from a swine finishing barn was chemically investigated. Various phenols, amines, sulfides and organic acids were identified in the waste and were shown to contribute to its odor. The rapid reduction in odor intensity brought about by short term aeration of the waste was studied with respect to these different compounds. The effectiveness of odor reduction by aeration was found to be contingent on the waste's pH. Reasons for this phenomenon are presented in terms of ionization constants for solutes, previously shown to be present in the waste. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

A series of batch tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on the aerobic stabilization of swine waste. The batch tests were conducted over a 14 day period and the effect of oxygen concentration was measured by changes in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of the waste. Three, five litre capacity, digesters were used and were held at the following dissolved oxygen concentrations; high O₂ level (15-20 mg/1), medium O₂ level (5-8 mg/1) and low O₂ level (.5- 2 mg/1). The reduction in COD of the waste at the end of one week of oxidation was 48.7% for the high O₂ level, 35.3% for the medium O₂ level and 15.6% for the low O₂ level. The reduction in COD at the end of 14 days of oxidation was 57.8%, 50.7% and 38.9% respectively for the three levels of oxygen. The addition of one litre of aerated swine waste to four litres of the raw swine waste did not appreciably alter the reduction in COD noted in the above tests. The reduction in COD for this batch test was 60.9 for the high O₂ level, 34.6 for the medium O₂ level, and 31.1 for the low O₂ level. In this test all three levels of dissolved oxygen removed approximately the same percentage of filtered COD during the first two days of oxidation. In the high and medium O₂ level digesters this was accompanied by a reduction in total COD. A similar reduction in total COD did not occur at the low O₂ level. Correlations were made with the COD determination and determinations for Total Organic Carbon. These correlations were very high (regression coefficient = .93) when the sample was prepared using a mechanized tissue grinder. Grinding the sample resulted in a higher value for total organic carbon as well as an increase in precision. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of / Graduate

An integrated pig growth model specific to the dietary formulations, genetic quality and environmental conditions of western Canada has been developed. A computer program was designed to simulate growth of pigs between 20 kgs and 100 kgs live weight. A spreadsheet format -Lotus 123 - was used to allow programming steps to be understood by all users, including those who do not possess a high degree of programming skill. A linear programming system was also incorporated through the use of an algorithm - Optimal Solutions. A useful method of avoiding circular errors, through an initial prediction of growth, was developed through the use of a 'Gompertz' style equation which describes growth; B.W. = A exp (-B exp (-k(t))) where B.W. is body weight (kg), A is mature body weight [estimate based on NRC(1988):164 kg], B is a rate constant [4.46], k is a rate constant [range from 0.01 to 0.015] and t is the time in days. A model of nutrient flow was developed with components which include, [1] body composition at the start of growth, [2] energy and amino acid intake, [3] the utilization of ingested amino acids, [4] the upper limit to daily protein retention, [5] The interaction between metabolizable energy and protein as a proportion of the deposition of body lipid and protein, and [6] equations which assist in the prediction of performance factors. A model proof was undertaken through a study of pig performance across 4 diets varying in protein level. Pig performance indicators included; feed intake, feed efficiency, carcass index and carcass yield. A significant correlation (p<0.05) was shown between model predictions of market age and trial results. Pig rearing conditions differ in western Canada, compared to the rest of North America, due to the influence of British breeding companies and the common use of barley as a key ingredient of swine diets. The growth model developed was found to be a good predictor of performance of pigs being grown in western Canada. Feed intake and the genetic potential for protein deposition were found to be the most important predictors of pig performance. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Carboxyl groups in porcine pepsin were chemically modified "by the carbodiimide reaction using waterrsoluble l-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide and amino acid esters as nucleophiles. The modification resulted in profound changes in the activities, specificity and some physico-chemical properties of the enzyme. These include (1) significant decrease in milk clotting activity without changes in proteolytic activity against hemoglobin; (2) decrease in peptidase activity against N-acetyl-L-phenylalanyl-diiodo-L-tyrosine; (3) increase in clotting activity against k-casein but decrease in clotting activity against K-α sl⁻casein mixture; (4) shift -in proteolytic pH profile with pH optimum increased from 2.0 to about 3.5; (5) decrease in relative electrophoretic mobility and a slight decrease in isoelectric point; (6) increase in Km without much change in kcat; and (7) increase in stability at pH above 6.0. Results suggest that the drop in milk clotting activity was due to a change in the charge distribution on the enzyme affecting enzyme-micelle interaction. The presence of dipeptide substrates interfered with the carboxyl modification suggestive of the proximity of the modified groups to the enzyme active site. The modified enzyme remained reactive to site-specific inactivators but at rates slower than the native enzyme. The modification was not specific, causing similar changes in pepsinogen and chymosin. The modified and native pepsins had similar caseinolytic properties and produced comparable rates of syneresis and curd tension development on curdled milk. The increase in pH stability suggested that the modified enzyme may be a better calf rennet substitute than native pepsin for cheese-making. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

The objectives of the studies described in this thesis were to quantify livestock behavior and improve animal wellbeing. Subjective and objective evaluation methods can be used as an estimation parameter of animal welfare. The first study used behavioral methods to evaluate the analgesic effects of a pharmaceutical drug in lame dairy cattle. Lameness pain was evaluated by measuring weight shifting, locomotion score, and visual analog scale score. Correlation analysis of the three methods determined cohesion among subjective methods. The second study measured the behavioral effects of ramp exposure during the nursery period of swine development. Loading can be a stressful event for hogs which may cause an increased incidence of stress. Conditioning methods and environmental enrichment reduced the duration of time spent on the loading ramp and decreased production inputs. Both trials identified methods to improve animal welfare and future efforts will aid in the development of positive management strategies.