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This study examined the relationship between helping (organizational citizenship behaviours) and workplace safety. It is the second study in a sequence, building on an initial study by Burt and Williams (2012). The aims of the current study are three-fold. Firstly, further evidence was sought to support the argument put forth by Burt and Williams (2012) suggesting that there are situations in which helping behaviours can lead to an increase in safety risk. Additionally, based on findings from Burt and Williams (2012), the following two situations were investigated: I) why do helpers often not tell the target of help that help has been given; and, II) in the instance where help inadvertently leads to a safety risk increase for the target, why does the target fail to communicate this risk increase back to the helper. The personality traits of humility and agreeableness were hypothesised to positively relate to the first and second situations, respectively. The sample consisted of 79 participants across a variety of high risk occupations. Participants completed an anonymous questionnaire, containing measures of job risk, negative outcomes of helping behaviours, humility, agreeableness, single item measures to assess situation I and II, and subsequent measures to further investigate these two situations. The results showed clear evidence that helping can be associated with safety risks. Both of the personality-based hypotheses failed to reach significance. However, the results suggest that helpers often fail to tell the target of help that help has been given, through a lack of understanding regarding the importance of communicating one’s helping behaviours, and a lack of time or opportunity. Additionally, results suggest that the instance where help inadvertently leads to an increased safety risk for the target (but the target fails to inform the helper of this risk increase), occurs through the target wanting to protect the helper’s confidence, and not wishing to be seen as ungrateful. The results provide valuable information to significantly add to the limited literature regarding helping behaviours and occupational safety. The findings from this study potentially allow organizations to decrease the negative safety outcomes of such behaviours. Limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.

The aim of this current research was two-fold; one aim was to develop a deeper understanding of job insecurity and its association with safety voicing. The perception of job insecurity was specifically examined in relation to job insecurity and its association with safety voice. The second aim was to examine safety voice with possible antecedents based on past research. This involved investigating the proposition that safety voice falls within a safety severity concern continuum. This continuum suggests that the severity of the safety concern may play a role in an employee’s willingness to voice these concerns. A questionnaire was devised to investigate perceptions of 47 employees from a single organisation. This organisation is undergoing a planned future job redundancy process (within a few years as of 2014). Correlational and univariate analyses were used to investigate any associations and differences in means between the different measures. Results from this research found partial support for the hypothesis that perceived organisational support, safety climate, and perceived co-worker support were positively associated with safety voice. The hypothesis that higher job insecurity would be associated with lower safety voice concerns was tested, and was not found not to be statistically significant to support the idea. This dissertation offers a preliminary indication that safety voice varies according to severity, and that job insecurity may affect employees’ likelihood to voice safety concerns. Practical implications and directions for further research are discussed.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2008. / Vita: p. 123. Thesis director: Lois E. Tetrick. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Aug. 28, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 114-122). Also issued in print.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2007. / Ph.D. thesis submitted the Faculty of Information and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Computing Science. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.

Thesis PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

Driving the wrong way on freeways has been a nagging traffic safety problem since the interstate highway system was founded in the 1950s. Despite four decades of highway striping and sign improvements at freeway interchanges, the problem persists. This paper is to determine the contributing factors to wrong-way driving on freeways and to develop promising, cost-conscious countermeasures to reduce this driving errors and related crashes. Wrong-way crash data from Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) crash database were collected with 632 possible wrong-way crashes. The real wrong-way crashes were further identified by reviewing the wrong-way crash reports hardcopies and information from other resources. Characteristics of wrong-way driving behaviors were analyzed and statistical analyses were conducted to identify the contributing factors of wrong-way crashes on freeway. The state-of-the-art roadway safety management process recommended by the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) was adopted to diagnose the wrong-way driving behavior on Illinois freeway and develop the specific wrong-way crashes management procedures. The first three steps, network screening, diagnosis and countermeasure selection was developed in details. The whole procedure developed could be used to guide the management of freeway wrong-way crashes in the future. The specific procedure of transportation network review, candidate location identification and site ranking for freeway wrong-way crashes was established firstly. Based on the collected wrong-way crash data, the safety performance function (SPF) for wrong-way crashes on freeway was developed with the annual average daily traffic (AADT) and segment length being the independent variables. The procedures for candidate wrong-way crash sites diagnoses with crash data, historic site data, field condition and other information were described step by step. The methods for contributing factors identification were proposed and the Haddon matrix for wrong-way crashes on freeway was constructed finally. Methods for selecting wrong-way crash countermeasures from the perspective of "four E's" based on crash analysis finding, site-specific contributing factors and geographical characteristics were discussed, and research needs on wrong-way crash management in the future were recommended finally.