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No description available.

Les Samburu, une communauté pastorale traditionnelle, connaissent une transformation démographique qui s'accélére vers la fin du XXème siècle : les changements s'insèrent alors dans une modernité ambiante caractérisée par des changements dans l'éducation, la santé, l'urbanisation et par une politique publique en pleine évolution (décentralisation) à un moment où les systèmes économiques pastoraux sont fragilisés, évoluent en fonction des changements climatiques, de l'intrusion du marché, des situations géopolitiques entre autres. Les travaux visent à comprendre la et les dynamiques démographiques et l'évolution démographique dans une région considérée comme marginale, éloignée, vaste et largement dépendante des variations climatiques. Cette étude s'interroge sur la dynamique démographique de 1984 à 2018 et sur l'évolution de la situation démographique au cours du XXème siècle, elle identifie et interroge les choix traditionnels de reproduction, les examine par rapport à la modernité, des changements qui affectent tous directement la société. L'étude a été entreprise dans un contexte où les données démographiques, en particulier pour la période précoloniale et coloniale, sont inadéquates en raison de la faible fiabilité des données administratives, fiscales. En raison du manque de données démographiques quantitatives précoloniales et coloniales, l'étude a recouru à une reconstitution ethnographique et anthropologique pour la période précoloniale et coloniale, tandis qu'elle s'est appuyé sur les rapports, les recensements et les enquêtes démographiques sur les ménages pour la période post- indépendance et plus particulièrement au lendemain de la crise de 1984. / The Samburu, an otherwise traditional pastoral community are undergoing demographic transformation: the changes are propelled through modernity typified by education, health provision, urbanization, and an evolving public policy. The work is undertaken at a time when pastoral systems in the world are undergoing tremendous changes. The transformation is epitomized through climate change, intrusive capitalist economies, regional geopolitical contestations and a consumptive global population among others. The work answered set of questions that are important to our understanding of demographic dynamics and population changes over time in a region that is considered remote, vast and majorly dependent on climatically sensitive system. Thus, it sought to understand the Samburu through answering five objectives: as an investigation of the traditional demographic dynamics and regulation prior to 1984; interrogate demographic dynamics in Samburu from 1984 to 2018; investigate how modernization processes may have influenced Samburu 1984 to 2018; analyse population growth among Samburu and howit affects relationship with other communities in the region, and finally to examine continuity and change in demographic situation within the two time frames. Further, the work identifies and interrogates the traditional reproduction choices, examining them in relation to modernization disseminated through education, health, urbanization, and public policy. The study was undertaken in a context where population data particularly for the pre- colonial and colonial period is inadequate. As a result of the dearth in quantitative data, ethnographie descriptions were employed for the pre­ colonial and colonial period, while census reports and demographic household surveys for the post- independence period, more particularly in the aftermath of 1984 crisis.

Cette thèse se propose d’explorer le lien qui existe entre le système d’âge des Samburu du Kenya et leur pratique musicale. L’organisation sociale de ces pasteurs de langue nilotique se structure autour de promotions générationnelles successives et de trois statuts d’âge (incirconcis, « guerriers » et anciens) qui hiérarchisent les hommes et définissent leurs rôles dans les domaines économique et politique. À chacun de ces groupements d’âge correspondent différents répertoires de danses et chants sur lesquels les individus revendiquent une sorte de « droit d’exécution » exclusif, selon leur appartenance à une promotion ou à un statut déterminé. L’avancement, au fil des étapes ontogénésiques de ce système d’âge, sanctionne l’acquisition du droit d’exécuter le répertoire du statut auquel on appartient tour à tour au terme de cérémonies de maturation appelées lmuget. En revanche, les danses et les chants générationnels restent à jamais associés à la promotion de référence et à ses membres qui les ont composés à partir des expériences collectives qu’ils ont vécues au moment de leur état de « guerrier ». La pratique musicale se configure ainsi comme un dispositif de fabrication du système d’âge et de la masculinité : la traduction de la matière socio-structurelle des groupes d’âge en matière musicale permet aux Samburu de manipuler, par la danse et par le chant, les agencements de leur société et le classement des hommes. Dans ce contexte, une importance particulière est accordée à la composition et à la modification des répertoires musicaux générationnels des « guerriers », à leur travail de réflexion intellectuelle, qui illustre la vitalité des institutions et leur permet de penser leur société et son adaptation au monde contemporain. / This thesis explores the link between the age-system of the Samburu of Kenya and their musical practice. The social organization of this Nilotic-speaking pastoral people is structured around successive age-sets and three age-grades (uncircumcised, “warriors” and elders) that rank men and define their roles in the military and political realms. To each of these age groups correspond different repertoires of dances and songs on which individuals claim an exclusive “right of execution”, according to the specific set or grade they belong to. The advancement through the ontogenesic steps of this age-system sanctions the acquisition of the right to execute the repertoire of the status to which one belongs, by turn, at the end of maturation ceremonies called lmuget. However, generational dances and songs remain associated to their age-set of reference and to the members who composed them from their collective experiences lived during as “warriors”. Musical practice is thus a device for the fabrication of the age-system and masculinity: the translation of the socio-structural matter of age groups into musical material enables the Samburu to manipulate, through dance and song, the layout of their society and the ranking of men. In this context, a particular importance is given to the composition and modification of the generational musical repertoires of “warriors”, to their process of intellectual reflection, which illustrates the vitality of institutions and enables them to think their society and its adaptation to the contemporary word.

This study considers the labor organization of a group of northern Kenyan pastoralists. Since 1960, the Samburu have experienced substantial cattle loss and land circumscription and the work focuses both on herding and non-herding labor responses to a changing regional economy. The viability of Samburu pastoralism rests on specific labor forms which permit intensified production and economic diversification. / Based on twenty-four months of fieldwork, primarily during the 1983-84 drought, the study emphasizes the interplay between the social and technical organization of labor. Social institutions of descent and age guide natural resource and delineate work roles, while encouraging the varied forms of cooperation which greatly extend the family workforce. The diversity of technical strategies, which are strongly shaped by cultural preferences, contrasts with the paucity of production materials. / Several key findings have applicability to a range of pastoral locales, particularly proof of the positive relationship between labor input and animal output and of the higher efficiency of labor in larger versus smaller-scale herding units only under stable production conditions. Further, the quantitative material on dry season versus drought labor use as well as evidence for differential livestock survival rates represent unique accounts in themselves. / Beyond insights into pastoralism, however, the analysis is structured so as to contribute to several important issues in small-scale rural production. The accounts of the interconnection of technology and social forms and of the integration of "on-farm" and "off-farm" enterprise have implications for defining the scope of any labor investigation. The discussions of the terms "labor" and "technology" pose wider questions of the content of such basic concepts. Finally, the methodological discourse on labor measurement should assist those similarly trying to distinguish between "use" and "demand" in predominantly noncapitalist societies.

No description available.

No description available.

The objective of this research is to explore the perceptions of rural Samburu women in Kenya with regard to HIV/AIDS in terms of their knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and opinions; to examine several HIV/AIDS awareness channels that have been used to communicate HIV/AIDS messages to the Samburu women to determine how effective they have been in effecting behaviour change.This study is an example of how a communication audit can be carried out on a certain sub-group of a community in order to suggest a tailor-made communication strategy in an effort to stop the spread of HIV among the Samburu women. This study is also a confirmation that the prevention strategies that have been in use to communicate to Samburu women have been inadequate and need to be revised to address the knowledge gaps that exist. The study is located within a relatively new field of health communication where health messages are evaluated to determine whether target audiences are receiving these messages and changing their behaviour in order to live healthier lives. This area of study is also supported by behaviour change models such as the Health Belief Model (HBM), the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), Diffusion of Innovations Theory, Cultural Models, and Strategic Communication. A qualitative study was undertaken in 2008 by way of ten focus group discussions with Samburu women and eleven in-depth interviews with professionals who ran HIV/AIDS programmes in the Samburu district. The focus groups were constituted by means of convenience sampling whereas the snowball strategy was utilised for the selection of participants for in-depth interviews. The questioning route for the focus group discussions for the Samburu women was guided by five themes namely: knowledge levels of the women; cultural aspects that made the women vulnerable to HIV/AIDS; beliefs about HIV/AIDS; attitudes towards HIV/AIDS; and the different channels of communication used to convey HIV/AIDS messages. The interview schedule for the professionals consisted of open-ended questions and face-to-face interviews were carried out using this schedule. / Communication Sciences / D. Litt. et Phil. (Communication)

The objective of this research is to explore the perceptions of rural Samburu women in Kenya with regard to HIV/AIDS in terms of their knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and opinions; to examine several HIV/AIDS awareness channels that have been used to communicate HIV/AIDS messages to the Samburu women to determine how effective they have been in effecting behaviour change.This study is an example of how a communication audit can be carried out on a certain sub-group of a community in order to suggest a tailor-made communication strategy in an effort to stop the spread of HIV among the Samburu women. This study is also a confirmation that the prevention strategies that have been in use to communicate to Samburu women have been inadequate and need to be revised to address the knowledge gaps that exist. The study is located within a relatively new field of health communication where health messages are evaluated to determine whether target audiences are receiving these messages and changing their behaviour in order to live healthier lives. This area of study is also supported by behaviour change models such as the Health Belief Model (HBM), the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), Diffusion of Innovations Theory, Cultural Models, and Strategic Communication. A qualitative study was undertaken in 2008 by way of ten focus group discussions with Samburu women and eleven in-depth interviews with professionals who ran HIV/AIDS programmes in the Samburu district. The focus groups were constituted by means of convenience sampling whereas the snowball strategy was utilised for the selection of participants for in-depth interviews. The questioning route for the focus group discussions for the Samburu women was guided by five themes namely: knowledge levels of the women; cultural aspects that made the women vulnerable to HIV/AIDS; beliefs about HIV/AIDS; attitudes towards HIV/AIDS; and the different channels of communication used to convey HIV/AIDS messages. The interview schedule for the professionals consisted of open-ended questions and face-to-face interviews were carried out using this schedule. / Communication Sciences / D. Litt. et Phil. (Communication)