Much emphasis has been placed on the design, operation, and construction of sanitary landfills while the proper reclamation and revegetatiun of completed. sites has often been overlooked.. Revegetation of exposed. landfill surfaces drastically reduces soil erosion, minimizes water infiltration into refuse, helps to control leachate production, and improves site appearance, thus promoting greater public acceptance of sanitary landfills.This research was designed to determine which of selected grasses used. for erosion control were best adapted to the sanitary landfill environment. The experiment was conducted on three sanitary landfills in central Indiana.Results showed that the availability of sufficient plant nutrients was critical for establishing vegetative growth. Significant variations in the performance of the individual grass species was observed.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

Garbage is a global problem. In Texas, soft regulations and landfill closures have made way for the dawn of the mega landfill. The reduction of landfill locations multiplied by extreme suburban sprawl, has forced the landfills to take on a vertical mountainous form to accommodate consumption and land boundaries. Such a metamorphosis has spawned coalitions to fight against the visual and sensory upheavals growing in their own communities; ironically it is only due to their own making. This thesis looks at three new paradigms of garbage organization and disposal that produce alternatives and finds positivity in the inevitable we already face.

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Thesis (Professional Degree)--University of Missouri, School of Mines and Metallurgy, 1930. / There is no leaf number 94 in the thesis. The author mistakenly omitted it. The entire thesis text is included in file. Typescript. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed December 23, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 158) and index (p. 159-169).

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

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The purpose of this study was to determine the removal efficiency of natural systems for the reduction of enteric protozoa (Giardia and Cryptosporidium), and enteric viruses in wastewater. The first part of the study used bench-scale soil columns to determine the potential effectiveness of Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) for the removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cyst from treated wastewater. Sand and sandy loam were used to pack 18 to 200-cm long columns. Results from this study showed that removal of oocysts increased as increasing length of the soil column. Although substantial removal of Cryptosporidium occurs (>99.99%) within 200 cm of soil, oocysts are likely to penetrate beyond this depth. Giardia was removed far below detectable levels, probably due to its larger size. The next phase of the project investigated the removal of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms from untreated wastewater by a surface flow wetland, the importance of plants in wetlands, as well as the potential for groundwater contamination passed by pathogens with the use of constructed wetlands. This small-scale study was conducted in a large tank divided into two cells. Both cells were filled with sand and one cell was planted with bulrushes and the other was unplanted. About 90 percent of all microorganisms were removed by either of the systems. Neither Giardia nor Cryptosporidium were found to penetrate through the 2-m of sand in either the planted or unplanted cells. Lower numbers of viruses and bacteria were transported through the sand in the planted wetland cell versus the unplanted cell. This could indicate that vegetated wetlands are more likely to prevent microbial transport to groundwater. The objective of the last part of this study was to determine the survival of Cryptosporidium oocysts in wastewater effluent applied to a constructed vegetated wetland, when exposed to and when protected from sunlight, and the effect of temperature during different seasons. Viability of Cryptosporidium oocysts was determined using the excystation technique. Results from this study indicated that sunlight and/or temperature play a significant role in the survival of Cryptosporidium. Thus, it was concluded that oocyst reduction in wastewater applied to wetlands can be enhanced by natural die-off due to the effects of temperature or UV irradiation in sunlight, and greater removal could be achieved if designing of wetland systems take into consideration such factors.

A coupled process one-dimensional model with two-region transport, two-domain nonlinear sorption, and nonlinear biodegradation is formulated in this research. A numerical code is developed for this complex system with two sets of initial/boundary conditions. The second order upwind method is used to solve PDEs of the system, and the Adam-Bashforth three step method is used to solve ODEs of the system. By nondimensionalizing the governing equations for transport and nonlinear biodegradation, we show that biodegradation is controlled by three characteristic combined factors: the effective maximum specific growth rate, the relative half-saturation constant, and the relative substrate-utilization coefficient. A diagram with type curves was constructed based on the three characteristic factors to show the conditions under which complete and incomplete biodegradation is observed, and the conditions for which the linear, first-order approximation is valid for representing biodegradation. Analytical and numerical approaches were used to study the effect of substrate boundary concentration on biodegradation in a coupled-process system. For a system with fixed biotic and abiotic properties, substrate input concentration could be positively or negatively correlated to the magnitude of substrate degradation, depending on the time scale of the process. The relative scale of substrate concentration and its half-saturation constant is very important for the success and efficiency of bioremediation. It is found that bioremediation can be more efficient for higher concentration contaminant under certain conditions. The impact of biodegradation on solute transport with linear or nonlinear, equilibrium sorption was studied by using moments analysis. Computation results show that linear biodegradation has no impact on spatial moments of transport with linear instantaneous sorption. Conversely, it has an impact when sorption is nonlinear, since nonlinear sorption is enhanced by biodegradation. Nonlinear biodegradation causes preferential non-uniform substrate degradation and, therefore, affects spatial moments of transport with linear or nonlinear sorption. The oxygen constraint decreases the degree of nonlinear biodegradation and increases the degree of preferential degradation, thus it also impacts spatial moments of transport with linear or nonlinear sorption.

This thesis addresses the relationship between the physical dimensions and aspect ratios of urban areas and the airflow below the urban canopy height. The aim is to investigate the link between these aspect ratios and the resulting airflow patterns, wind speed and direction, and pressure coefficients on the envelope of target buildings. The research method involves several steps which seek to explore the airflow in four urban scenarios, simplified simulation using two parallel bricks; several complex urban prototype scenarios; and two actual urban areas used as case studies situated on the Cardiff Cathays Campus and the Paulista Avenue - São Paulo. The research methods employed are: atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel (WT), steady-state standard k-e CFD simulation and field measurements (FM). Three prevailing wind directions were investigated: parallel, orthogonal and oblique. The outputs are guiven in terms of: Cp and ΔCp data displayed as graphs, tables and/ or contour plots; airflow patterns and velocity magnitude and direction, displayed as vertical profile graphs and visualized by means of CFD pathlines or WT helium bubble pathlines; and correlation displayed as scatter diagrams and matrices. A relationship was found between the urban aspect ratios and the ΔCp results. This was demonstrated by statistical methods using the data on the variables concerned, thus verifying the strength of the correlation between them. Strong correlation was found between the investigations into similar scenarios of the urban prototypes and the two case studies as regards both the aspect ratios and the ΔCp results. On the other hand, low correlation for the same variables were identified when contrasting dissimilar urban prototype scenarios. Moreover, good levels of comparison were found between the FM and the CFD simulations in Case Study 01 for both the decrease in wind velocity magnitude and direction in urban areas.