Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:08:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3042861 bytes, checksum: c35801efccaed5f3893e29c5338bdbb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Restinga is an ecosystem associated to Mata Atlântica, in which the species closest to the sea are adapted to adverse climatic and edaphic conditions. Among recent studies, the leaf is the most utilized organ for the understanding of morphoanatomical relationships between individuals and the environment, while works focusing stem and root are yet incipient. Thus, the aim of this work was to characterize the morpho-anatomy of adventitious roots and stems of Blutaparon portulacoides (A. St.-Hil.) Mears (Amaranthaceae), Canavalia rosea (Sw.) Dc. (Fabaceae), Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) Stweet (Convolvulaceae), Remirea maritima Aubl. (Cyperaceae) e Scaevola plumieri (L.) Vahl. (Goodeniaceae) occurring in a Halophile-Psammophila Reptant formation of the Paulo César Vinha State Park, relating to environment parameters; to describe the secretory structures and to identify the classes of secondary metabolites present in the secretion of leaves of Ipomoea pes-caprae and Ipomoea imperati. Soil was sampled and micro environmental measurements were performed. For anatomical evaluations, roots, stems and leaves of different regions were collected and processed following usual techniques in plant anatomy. The soil had few nutrients and organic matter. The micro environmental data showed that herbaceous plants are susceptible to wind speed conditions, relative humidity and evaporation similar to that of sub shrubby species. Morpho-anatomically, the species presented distinct adaptive strategies,specially stolons or rhizomes, aquiferous tissue, aerenchyma in the roots and starch reserve in both stem and root. In Ipomoea pes-caprae and Ipomoea imperati,mucilaginous trichomes and laticifers were described on leaf lamina, and in I. pescaprae, nectaries on petiole. The morpho-anatomical structures found in stems, roots and leaves of the studied species were outstanding features which allowed the survival and competitiveness of these species in the Non-flooded Herbaceous Formation, once they provide adaptive capacity to high temperature, strong wind, high salinity, lack of nutrients, among others. / Restinga é um ecossistema associado à Mata Atlântica, com as espécies próximas ao mar adaptadas a condições climáticas e edáficas adversas. Dentre os estudos atuais, a folha é o órgão mais utilizado para o entendimento das relações morfoanatômicas dos indivíduos com o ambiente, sendo incipientes os trabalhos sobre caules e raízes. Desta forma, o objetivo foi caracterizar a morfoanatomia de raízes adventícias e caules de Blutaparon portulacoides (A. St.-Hil.) Mears (Amaranthaceae), Canavalia rosea (Sw.) Dc. (Fabaceae), Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) Stweet (Convolvulaceae), Remirea maritima Aubl. (Cyperaceae) e Scaevola plumieri (L.) Vahl. (Goodeniaceae) ocorrentes na formação Halófila-Psamófila Reptante do Parque Estadual Paulo César Vinha, relacionando com parâmetros ambientais; descrever as estruturas secretoras e identificar as classes de metabólitos secundários presentes no secretado das folhas de Ipomoea pes-caprae e Ipomoea imperati. Foram realizadas coletas de solo e medições microambientais. Para avaliações anatômicas, raízes, caules e folhas de diferentes regiões foram coletados, e processados segundo técnicas usuais em anatomia vegetal. O solo apresentou-se pobre em nutrientes e em matéria orgânica. Os dados microambientais demonstraram que as plantas herbáceas estão sujeitas a velocidade do vento, umidade relativa do ar e evaporação similares às da espécie subarbustiva. Em relação à morfoanatomia, as espécies apresentaram estratégias adaptativas distintas, com destaque para presença de estolões ou rizomas, tecido aquífero e aerênquima nas raízes e reserva de amido tanto no caule quanto na raiz. Em Ipomoea pes-caprae e Ipomoea imperati, foram descritas, na lâmina foliar, tricomas mucilaginosos e laticíferos; e em I. pes-caprae, nectários no pecíolo. As estruturas morfoanatômicas encontradas nos caules, raízes e folhas das espécies estudadas foram características marcantes que possibilitaram a sobrevivência e competitividade dessas espécies na formação Halófila-psamófila Reptante, uma vez que fornecem capacidade adaptativa à alta temperatura, vento forte, alta salinidade, falta de nutrientes, dentre outros.

Phenomenological models are presented which predicts transpiration rates (E) of individual leaves of Scaevola plumieri, an indigenous dune pioneer, and Ammophila arenaria, an exotic grass species introduced to stabilise mobile sand. In both cases E is predictably related to atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (VPD). VPD is calculated from measurements of ambient temperature and humidity, hence, where these two environmental variables are known, E can be calculated. Possible physiological reasons for the relationships of E to VPD in both species are discussed. Scaling from measurements of E at the leaf level to the canopy level is achieved by summing the leaf area of the canopy in question. E is predicted for the entire canopy leaf area by extrapolation to this larger leaf area. Predicted transpiration rates of individual shoot within the canopy were tested gravimetrically and shown to be accurate in the case of S. plumieri, but less so in the case of A. arenaria. Using this model, the amount of water used by a known area of sand dune is shown to be less than the rainfall input in the case of S. plumieri in wet and dry years. The water use of A. arenaria exceeds rainfall in the low-rainfall year of 1995, while in 1998 rainfall input is slightly higher than water extraction by the plants. Using a geographic information system (GIS), regional maps (surfaces) of transpiration were calculated from surfaces of mean monthly temperature and mean monthly relative humidity. Monthly surfaces of transpiration were subtracted from the monthly median rainfall to produce a surface of mean monthly water deficit. Areas of water surpluses along the coast correspond with the recorded distribution of both species in the seasons that the plants are most actively growing and reproducing. This suggests that unfavourable water availability during these two species growth periods limit their distributions along the coast. In addition to unfavourable water deficits, additional climatic variables that may be important in limiting the distribution of these two species were investigated using a discriminant function analysis.

Models that are used for predicting species' potential distributions are important tools that have found applications in a number of areas of applied ecology. The majority of these models can be classified as correlative, as they rely on strong, often indirect, links between species distribution records and environmental predictor variables to make predictions. Correlative models are an alternative to more complex mechanistic models that attempt to simulate the mechanisms considered to underlie the observed correlations with environmental attributes. This study explores the influence of the type and quality of the data used to calibrate correlative models. In terms of data type, the most popular techniques in use are group discrimination techniques, those that use both presence and absence locality data to make predictions. However, for many organisms absence data are either not available or are considered to be unreliable. As the available range of profile techniques (those using presence only data) appeared to be limited, new profile techniques were investigated and evaluated. A new profile modelling technique based on fuzzy classification (the Fuzzy Envelope Model) was developed and implemented. A second profile technique based on Principal Components Analysis was implemented and evaluated. Based on quantitative model evaluation tests, both of these techniques performed well and show considerable promise. In terms of data quality, the effects on model performance of false absence records, the number of locality records (sample size) and the proportion of localities representing species presence (prevalence) in samples were investigated for logistic regression distribution models. Sample size and prevalence both had a significant effect on model performance. False absence records had a significant influence on model performance, which was affected by sample size. A quantitative comparison of the performance of selected profile models and group discrimination modelling techniques suggests that different techniques may be more successful for predicting distributions for particular species or types of organism than others. The results also suggest that several different model design! sample size combinations are capable of making predictions that will on average not differ significantly in performance for a particular species. A further quantitative comparison among modelling techniques suggests that correlative techniques can perform as well as simple mechanistic techniques for predicting potential distributions.