Nos travaux ont permis d’étudier différents aspects des interactions hôte-pathogènes. L’étude de différents Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) autres que les TLR, ainsi que leurs associations a mis en évidence une redondance partielle entre les récepteurs des familles des Scavenger Receptors, lectines de type C et EMR1 in vitro et in vivo dans l’induction de la réponse immunitaire à Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cette compensation entre les récepteurs contraste avec les rôles indépendants et non redondants des cytokines et de leurs voies associées comme le TNF, l’IL-1R1, L’IFNγR et MyD88, indispensables pour le contrôle de l’infection. Grâce à l’utilisation de nouvelles souris génétiquement modifiées, nous avons pu montrer un rôle minime de la lymphotoxine α dans le contrôle de l’infection par Mycobacterium tuberculosis contrairement au rôle primordial du TNF. Enfin, notre étude s’est poursuivie avec l’analyse de la modulation de la réponse immunitaire de l’hôte par des composants de la paroi des mycobactéries, les PIM. L’élaboration de PIM synthétiques a permis de montrer que ces molécules de faibles poids moléculaires inhibent l’induction des voies TLR4 et TLR2 et possèdent ainsi un potentiel anti-inflammatoire thérapeutique. / In these study, we aimed to investigate different aspects of the host-pathogen interactions. We investigated the involvement of various Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) other than TLR, and their associations for the control of M. tuberculosis infection. We highlighted a partial redundancy between members of the Scavenger Receptors family, C-type lectins and EMR1 in response to mycobacteria in vitro and in vivo. This is in sharp contrast with the cytokine pathways like TNF, IL-1R1, IFNγR and MyD88, essentials to control M. tuberculosis infection and which cannot compensate with each other. By using new genetically deficient mice, we showed a limited role for the lymphotoxin α in the control of the infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in contrast with the vital role for TNF. Finally, we analysed the modulation of the immune response by mycobacterial cell wall components, PIM. Use of synthetic PIM demonstrated that these small molecules exert an inhibitory activity on TLR4- and TLR2-signaling pathways and may have a therapeutic anti-inflammatory potential.

Introduction Human CD36 is a class B scavenger receptor expressed in a variety of cell types including macrophages and endothelial cells. This heavily glycosylated membrane protein has a large ectodomain (ED) responsible for binding a variety of ligands. These include oxidised LDL and long chain fatty acids, which link CD36 to the development of atherosclerosis and insulin resistance, respectively. CD36 has also been implicated in the phagocyte-uptake of apoptotic cells, anti-angiogenic effects in endothelial cells and development of a variety of fibrotic diseases, through interaction with thrombospondin-1. The main objective of this study was to express, purify and characterise the ligand binding ectodomain of CD36 with a view to better understanding how CD36 binds multiple ligands. Methods A baculovirus expression system was used to express and secrete CD36 ED with a 12-His tag from insect cells using an N-terminal secretion sequence. Subsequent purification was performed using nickel affinity chromatography with functionality of the ED assessed through the ability to bind modified LDL in a solid phase binding assay. The N-glycosylation status of the purified ED was explored through use of the N-glycosidase PNGase F and mass spectrometric analysis. Initial studies to measure binding kinetics involved use of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and binding of commercially available antibodies, mAb1955, mAb1258 and mAbFA6-152, to purified CD36 ED immobilised on an NTA SPR sensor chip. Results The N-glycosylation status of CD36 ED produced in Sf21 and Hi5 insect cells was different with heterogeneous N-glycosylation being identified at individual glycosylation sites. Solid-phase ligand binding revealed that both glycosylated and deglycosylated ED retain affinity for modified LDL. The purified CD36 ED was found to homo-oligomerise particularly at higher concentrations. MAb1955 and mAb1258 were found to bind to the nickel on the sensor chip precluding microkinetic analysis of binding to CD36. However, mAbFA6-152 was found to bind to the immobilised CD36 ED with high avidity and two-step binding kinetics. Conclusions and future direction This study shows for the first time that N-glycosylation is not important for the binding of modified LDL to CD36. Furthermore it was demonstrated that native CD36 ED produced in Sf21 insect cells can be deglycosylated without denaturation, which may be critical for the success of future crystallisation trials. The characterisation of mAbFA6-152 binding by SPR is proof-of-principle that CD36 ED can be studied using this technique paving the way for future biophysical analysis of ligand binding.

Regulation of biological processes through the use of genetic elements is a central part of biological research and also holds great promise for future therapeutic applications. Oligonucleotides comprise a class of versatile biomolecules capable of modulating gene regulation. Gene therapy, the concept of introducing genetic elements in order to treat disease, presents a promising therapeutic strategy based on such macromolecular agents. Applications involving charged macromolecules such as nucleic acids require the development of the active pharmaceutical ingredient as well as efficient means of intracellular delivery. Cell-penetrating peptides are a promising class of drug delivery vehicles, capable of translocation across the cell membrane together with molecules otherwise unable to permeate cells, which has gained significant attention. In order to increase the effectiveness of cell-penetrating peptide-mediated delivery, further understanding of the mechanisms of uptake is needed in addition to improved design to make the cell-penetrating peptides more stable and, in some cases, targeted. This thesis encompasses four scientific studies aimed at investigating cell-penetrating peptide and oligonucleotide designs amenable to therapeutic applications as well as elucidating the mechanisms underlying uptake of cell-penetrating peptide:oligonucleotide nanoparticles. It also includes an example of a therapeutic application of cell-penetrating peptide-mediated delivery of oligonucleotides. Paper I presents a study evaluating a range of chemically modified anti-miRNAs for use in the design of therapeutic oligonucleotides. All varieties of oligonucleotides used in the study target miRNA-21 and are evaluated using a dual luciferase reporter system. Paper II introduces a novel cell-penetrating peptide, PepFect15, aiming at combining the desirable properties of improved peptide stability and efficient cellular uptake with a propensity for endosomal escape, to produce a delivery vector well suited for delivery of oligonucleotides. The performance of this new cell-penetrating peptide was evaluated based on its delivery capabilities pertaining to splice-correcting oligonucleotides and anti-miRNAs. Paper III investigates the involvement of scavenger receptor class A in the uptake of various cell-penetrating peptides together with their oligonucleotide cargo. Finally, paper IV aims at using cell-penetrating peptide-mediated delivery to improve the efficiency of telomerase inhibition by antisense oligonucleotides targeting the telomerase enzyme ribonucleotide component. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar alterações devido à exposição a Nanotubos de Carbono de Parede Simples (NTCPS) em duas linhagens celulares epiteliais (BBnt e HK2) e em uma linhagem celular monocítica (THP-1), enfocando os mecanismos de internalização e os efeitos sobre o ciclo celular. Foi avaliada a ação dos receptores scavenger na internalização dos NTCPS nas células HK2 e THP-1 e a interferência de duas concentrações de NTCPS sobre os elementos do citoesqueleto e no ciclo celular, nas células HK2 e BBnt. As concentrações utilizadas foram equivalentes as permitidas pelo The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: 2,4 e 24 mg/cm2. A análise de expressão de mRNA por RT-PCR para receptores scavenger, mostrou que a internalização do NTCPS pode ocorre por endocitose. Sendo que os receptores SCARA5 e SRA são os responsáveis pela internalização nas células THP-1, enquanto MARCO e SRA realizam o processo de internalização nas células HK2. Observou-se que em ambas as concentrações, as células BBnt apresentaram amplificação centrossômica, com a ocorrência de 25,38% e 28,46% de mitoses alteradas para cada concentração, respectivamente. Não houve interferência significativa na progressão do ciclo celular em ambas as linhagens. O estudo da interação dos NTCPS com vesículas lipídicas não apresentou evidencias de alterações ou danos na membrana das vesículas, porém as vesículas apresentaram-se associadas umas às outras após o tratamento com 24 mg/cm2. / This study aimed to assess changes due to exposure to of Single-wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) in two epithelial cell lines (BBnt and HK2) and a monocytic cell line (THP-1), focusing on the mechanisms of internalization and effects on the cell cycle. The action of scavenger receptors in the internalization of SWNTC in HK2 and THP-1 cells and the interference of two concentrations of SWNTC about elements of the cytoskeleton and the cell cycle, in BBnt and HK2 cells was evaluated. The concentrations used were equivalent to those allowed by The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: 2,4 to 24 mg/cm2. Analysis of mRNA expression by RT-PCR for scavenger receptors showed that the SWNTC internalization can occurs by endocytosis. Being that SCARA5 and SRA receptors are responsible for internalization in THP-1 cells, while MARCO and SRA perform the process of internalization in HK2 cells. It was observed that at both concentrations, the cells showed centrosome amplification in BBnt cells, with the occurrence of 25.38% and 28.46% of mitosis changed for each concentration, respectively. There was no significant interference with cell cycle progression in both strains. The study of the interaction of lipid vesicles with SWNTC showed no evidence of change or damage the membrane of the vesicles, but the vesicles were associated with each other after treatment with 24 mg/cm2.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar alterações devido à exposição a Nanotubos de Carbono de Parede Simples (NTCPS) em duas linhagens celulares epiteliais (BBnt e HK2) e em uma linhagem celular monocítica (THP-1), enfocando os mecanismos de internalização e os efeitos sobre o ciclo celular. Foi avaliada a ação dos receptores scavenger na internalização dos NTCPS nas células HK2 e THP-1 e a interferência de duas concentrações de NTCPS sobre os elementos do citoesqueleto e no ciclo celular, nas células HK2 e BBnt. As concentrações utilizadas foram equivalentes as permitidas pelo The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: 2,4 e 24 mg/cm2. A análise de expressão de mRNA por RT-PCR para receptores scavenger, mostrou que a internalização do NTCPS pode ocorre por endocitose. Sendo que os receptores SCARA5 e SRA são os responsáveis pela internalização nas células THP-1, enquanto MARCO e SRA realizam o processo de internalização nas células HK2. Observou-se que em ambas as concentrações, as células BBnt apresentaram amplificação centrossômica, com a ocorrência de 25,38% e 28,46% de mitoses alteradas para cada concentração, respectivamente. Não houve interferência significativa na progressão do ciclo celular em ambas as linhagens. O estudo da interação dos NTCPS com vesículas lipídicas não apresentou evidencias de alterações ou danos na membrana das vesículas, porém as vesículas apresentaram-se associadas umas às outras após o tratamento com 24 mg/cm2. / This study aimed to assess changes due to exposure to of Single-wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) in two epithelial cell lines (BBnt and HK2) and a monocytic cell line (THP-1), focusing on the mechanisms of internalization and effects on the cell cycle. The action of scavenger receptors in the internalization of SWNTC in HK2 and THP-1 cells and the interference of two concentrations of SWNTC about elements of the cytoskeleton and the cell cycle, in BBnt and HK2 cells was evaluated. The concentrations used were equivalent to those allowed by The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: 2,4 to 24 mg/cm2. Analysis of mRNA expression by RT-PCR for scavenger receptors showed that the SWNTC internalization can occurs by endocytosis. Being that SCARA5 and SRA receptors are responsible for internalization in THP-1 cells, while MARCO and SRA perform the process of internalization in HK2 cells. It was observed that at both concentrations, the cells showed centrosome amplification in BBnt cells, with the occurrence of 25.38% and 28.46% of mitosis changed for each concentration, respectively. There was no significant interference with cell cycle progression in both strains. The study of the interaction of lipid vesicles with SWNTC showed no evidence of change or damage the membrane of the vesicles, but the vesicles were associated with each other after treatment with 24 mg/cm2.

Gene therapy holds the promise of revolutionizing the way we treat diseases. By using recombinant DNA and oligonucleotides (ONs), gene functions can be restored, altered or silenced according to the therapeutic need. However, gene therapy approaches require the delivery of large and charged nucleic acid-based molecules to their intracellular targets across the plasma membrane, which is inherently impermeable to such molecules. In this thesis, two chemically modified cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) that have superior delivery properties for several nucleic acid-based therapeutics are developed. These CPPs can spontaneously form nanoparticles upon non-covalent complexation with the nucleic acid cargo, and the formed nanoparticles mediate efficient cellular transfection. In paper I, we show that an N-terminally stearic acid-modified version of transportan-10 (PF3) can efficiently transfect different cell types with plasmid DNA and mediates efficient gene delivery in-vivo when administrated intra muscularly (i.m.) or intradermaly (i.d.). In paper II, a new peptide with ornithine modification, PF14, is shown to efficiently deliver splice-switching oligonucleotides (SSOs) in different cell models including mdx mouse myotubes; a cell culture model of Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy (DMD). Additionally, we describe a method for incorporating the PF14-SSO nanoparticles into a solid formulation that is active and stable even when stored at elevated temperatures for several weeks. In paper III, we demonstrate the involvement of class-A scavenger receptor subtypes (SCARA3 &amp; SCARA5) in the uptake of PF14-SSO nanoparticles, which possess negative surface charge, and suggest for the first time that some CPP-based systems function through scavenger receptors. In paper IV, the ability of PF14 to deliver siRNA to different cell lines is shown and their stability in simulated gastric acidic conditions is highlighted. Taken together, these results demonstrate that certain chemical modifications can drastically enhance the activity and stability of CPPs for delivering nucleic acids after spontaneous nanoparticle formation upon non-covalent complexation. Moreover, we show that CPP-based nanoparticles can be formulated into convenient and stable solid formulations that can be suitable for several therapeutic applications. Importantly, the involvement of scavenger receptors in the uptake of such nanoparticles is presented, which could yield novel possibilities to understand and improve the transfection by CPPs and other gene therapy nanoparticles. / At the time of doctoral defence the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper nr 4: Submitted

Oligonucleotide-based drugs hold great promise for the treatment of many types of diseases, ranging from genetic disorders to viral infections and cancer. The problem is that efficient delivery across the cell membrane is required for oligonucleotides to have their desired effect. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) provide a solution to this problem. CPPs are capable of transporting cargoes such as drugs or nucleic acids for gene therapy into the cell, either by covalent conjugation to the cargo or by non-covalent complex formation. This thesis is focused on the development of a class of peptides called PepFects, peptides with fatty acid modifications capable of forming nanoparticle-sized complexes with oligonucleotides. These complexes are efficiently internalized by many different cell types and are generally non-toxic and non-immunogenic. We have developed a number of novel PepFect peptides and a quantitative structure-activity model to predict the biological effect of our peptides. In addition, the involvement of scavenger receptors class A in the endocytic uptake of PepFect complexes as well as other CPPs and polymeric transfection agents was studied. Lastly, we have developed a series of PepFect peptides for delivery across the blood-brain barrier and a model system mimicking the blood-brain barrier in order to evaluate the passage of these peptides. The general aim of this thesis is to improve the understanding of intracellular delivery of oligonucleotides with PepFect peptides from both a chemical and a biological viewpoint, and further improve the efficacy of this delivery system with the long-term goal of making it useful in clinical settings.

No description available.

<p>Of the pattern recognition receptors involved in innate immunity, the class A Scavenger receptors are involved in the recognition and clearance of bacteria, yeast, and senescent molecules. Previous research has implicated the intracellular region of these receptors as essential for the clearance of these substances via endocytosis. In this work, I used a bioinformatic approach to define the evolutionary history of the class A Scavenger receptor family while elucidating areas of conservation within the cytoplasmic domains of these proteins. With this information, in addition to further predictions of post translational modifications and potential docking motifs for interacting proteins, I conducted molecular biology experiments to study the in vitro functionality of the macrophage receptor with collagenous domain (MARCO), a member of the class A Scavenger receptors.</p> <p>Evolutionary analyses of the 5 class A Scavenger receptors identified a shared ancestry between these proteins and allowed me to postulate that 4 distinct gene du- plication events in addition to subsequent domain fusions, internal repeats, and dele- tions are responsible for the diverse protein structures and functions of this family. Despite some variation in domain structure, I found highly conserved regions across all 5 members, including a negatively charged region in the cytoplasmic domain. Further analyses of MARCO across organisms identified other conserved regions, in- cluding 2 residues predicted to be ubiquitinated, sumoylated, or phosphorylated by in silico predictive methods. However, molecular biology experiments demonstrated that these post translational modifications to not occur in the steady state. Addi- tional in vitro experiments, including isolations of MARCO and an artifical construct containing only the intracellular regions of the protein, were unable to identify any candidate adaptor binding proteins. Further research is needed to determine whether modifications in this region occur in the presence of bound ligands and/or known co-receptors.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)