Olfactory identification deficits have received recent attention as a potentially useful endophenotype for schizophrenia. Examination of this deficit in individuals with schizotypal personality features (SPF) offers an alternative approach to multiple confounds present when examining individuals with schizophrenia. The aim of the current study was to compare the relative sensitivity of performance on measures of olfaction identification and sustained attention to the presence of SPF. Twenty-six undergraduates were defined as having SPF based on scoring in the top 10% of the Abbreviated Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ-B; mean age 19.6, SD = 1.1; 62% female). These individuals were compared to twenty-six controls (scoring lower than half a standard deviation above the mean; mean age 19.8, SD = 1.6; 62% female). All participants were administered the Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD) section of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II). In addition, participants were administered the Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT) and a six-minute degraded-stimuli Continuous Performance Test (CPT). Group differences in performance indices of the CPT did not approach statistical significance. Similarly, there were no statistically significant group differences for males or females in performance on the B-SIT. Correlational analyses examined cognitive performance with a dimension score derived by summing quantitative ratings from the SPD items on the SCID-II. The SPD dimension score showed a statistically significant positive correlation with several performance indices of the CPT, including omission errors (rs(52) = .51, p ≤ .001) and commission errors (rs(52) = .38, p ≤ .005). In contrast, the B-SIT scores were not correlated with the SPD dimension score for males or females. Contrary to our hypothesis, results from the current study suggest that olfactory identification deficits may not represent a robust endophenotype consistently found in samples with schizotypal personality features. With regard to sustained attention, our differential findings suggest that schizotypal traits may be more adequately assessed through an interview by trained clinicians who use clinical judgment to determine the presence of phenotypic aspects of SPD (e.g., SCID-II), rather than relying on self-report measures (e.g., SPQ-B). Implications as well as limitations and future directions of these findings are discussed.

Kognityvieji sukeltieji potencialai arba su įvykiu susiję potencialai (SĮSP) leidžia įvertinti kai kurias kognityviąsias funkcijas. Jie nuo pat sukūrimo pradžios yra sėkmingai taikomi ir psichikos sutrikimų tyrimuose. SĮSP neinvaziškumas, objektyvumas, saugumas leidžia juos taikyti kognityviųjų funkcijų pokyčių, sukeltų medikamentinio gydymo ar kitos nemedikamentinės terapinės procedūros, įvertinimui. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas buvo įvertinti informacijos apdorojimo klausos sistemoje kitimą atipinių antipsichotikų risperidono ir kvetiapino poveikyje ir nemedikamentinių terapijos metodų - elektros impulsų terapijos bei metaglosoterapijos - poveikyje taikant su įvykiu susijusio potencialo P300 skaitmeninio registravimo ir kiekybinės analizės metodus. Klausos sukeltas P300 potencialas buvo registruojamas taikant „atsitiktinio įvykio“ principą trimis elektrodais (Fz, Cz ir Pz). Buvo matuojami 4 sukeltojo potencialo P300 parametrai: N2 latencija, P300 latencija, P300 amplitudė ir reikšmingo dirgiklio atpažinimo laikas. Darbo rezultatai parodė, kad SĮSP parametrai yra jautrūs informacijos apdorojimo klausos sistemoje procesų pažeidimo šizofrenijos spektro sutrikimų atveju rodikliai. Didesnę teigiamą įtaką klausos sukeltajam potencialui P300 turėjo atipinis antipsichotikas kvetiapinas. Nemedikamentiniai psichikos sutrikimų gydymo metodai nenusileidžia efektyvumu gerinant pacientų kognityviąsias funkcijas medikamentinei terapijai atipiniais antipsichotikais. / Recording and analysis of event-related potentials is safe and harmless method of evaluation of cognition and is suitable to follow the changes of cognitive processes induced by psychoactive drugs or other therapeutic procedures. The main aim of the work was to evaluate the influence of atypical antipsychotics risperidone and quetiapine and such nonpharmacological methods as electroconvulsive therapy and metaglossotherapy on the changes of information processing in the auditory system using event-related potential P300 recording and analysis method. Auditory P300 potential was elicited applying “odd-ball” paradigm and recorded at 3 electrode sites (Fz, Cz, Pz). 4 parameters of P300 potential were measured: N2 latency, P300 latency, P300 amplitude and recognition time of target stimulus. Total number of 85 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and mood disorders were studied. Results of this work showed that the parameters of P300 potential are sensitive indicators of abnormalities of information processing in auditory system in the case of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. More considerable positive influence on the event-related potential P300 had atypical antipsychotic quetiapine and that nonpharmacological methods of treatment of psychiatric disorders are as effective as drug therapy with atypical antipsychotics in remediation of cognitive functions.

Recording and analysis of event-related potentials is safe and harmless method of evaluation of cognition and is suitable to follow the changes of cognitive processes induced by psychoactive drugs or other therapeutic procedures. The main aim of the work was to evaluate the influence of atypical antipsychotics risperidone and quetiapine and such nonpharmacological methods as electroconvulsive therapy and metaglossotherapy on the changes of information processing in the auditory system using event-related potential P300 recording and analysis method. Auditory P300 potential was elicited applying “odd-ball” paradigm and recorded at 3 electrode sites (Fz, Cz, Pz). 4 parameters of P300 potential were measured: N2 latency, P300 latency, P300 amplitude and recognition time of target stimulus. Total number of 85 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and mood disorders were studied. Results of this work showed that the parameters of P300 potential are sensitive indicators of abnormalities of information processing in auditory system in the case of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. More considerable positive influence on the event-related potential P300 had atypical antipsychotic quetiapine and that nonpharmacological methods of treatment of psychiatric disorders are as effective as drug therapy with atypical antipsychotics in remediation of cognitive functions. / Kognityvieji sukeltieji potencialai arba su įvykiu susiję potencialai (SĮSP) leidžia įvertinti kai kurias kognityviąsias funkcijas. Jie nuo pat sukūrimo pradžios yra sėkmingai taikomi ir psichikos sutrikimų tyrimuose. SĮSP neinvaziškumas, objektyvumas, saugumas leidžia juos taikyti kognityviųjų funkcijų pokyčių, sukeltų medikamentinio gydymo ar kitos nemedikamentinės terapinės procedūros, įvertinimui. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas buvo įvertinti informacijos apdorojimo klausos sistemoje kitimą atipinių antipsichotikų risperidono ir kvetiapino poveikyje ir nemedikamentinių terapijos metodų - elektros impulsų terapijos bei metaglosoterapijos - poveikyje taikant su įvykiu susijusio potencialo P300 skaitmeninio registravimo ir kiekybinės analizės metodus. Klausos sukeltas P300 potencialas buvo registruojamas taikant „atsitiktinio įvykio“ principą trimis elektrodais (Fz, Cz ir Pz). Buvo matuojami 4 sukeltojo potencialo P300 parametrai: N2 latencija, P300 latencija, P300 amplitudė ir reikšmingo dirgiklio atpažinimo laikas. Darbo rezultatai parodė, kad SĮSP parametrai yra jautrūs informacijos apdorojimo klausos sistemoje procesų pažeidimo šizofrenijos spektro sutrikimų atveju rodikliai. Didesnę teigiamą įtaką klausos sukeltajam potencialui P300 turėjo atipinis antipsichotikas kvetiapinas. Nemedikamentiniai psichikos sutrikimų gydymo metodai nenusileidžia efektyvumu gerinant pacientų kognityviąsias funkcijas medikamentinei terapijai atipiniais antipsichotikais.

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Résumé en français Objectifs : Ce mémoire propose d’explorer l’assiduité aux interventions psychosociales chez les personnes atteintes de troubles psychotiques en répondant à trois questions : 1- Quels sont les facteurs influençant l’assiduité aux interventions psychosociales pour une clientèle atteinte de troubles psychotiques? 2- Sont-ils comparables aux facteurs influençant l’observance à la médication? 3- Quel est le taux d’abandon des interventions psychosociales et quels sont les facteurs qui font varier ce taux? Méthodes : Cette étude a permis de faire la synthèse des facteurs influençant l’observance à la médication à partir des revues systématiques publiées sur le sujet, et d’établir les facteurs influençant l’assiduité aux interventions psychosociales à partir des raisons d’abandon citées dans les essais cliniques randomisés publiés. Une méta-analyse a permis de combiner les essais cliniques rapportant les abandons et ainsi d’en établir un taux. Résultats : Nous avons répertorié 92 essais cliniques randomisés sur les interventions psychosociales avec les personnes atteintes de troubles psychotiques. De ce nombre, 43 ont permis de répertorier les raisons d’abandon. Les raisons d’abandon s’avèrent principalement liées à la maladie et liées à l’accessibilité, la continuité et la qualité des soins et services. Un taux d’abandon de 13% a été obtenu à partir de l’agrégation de 74 études dans la méta-analyse. Des facteurs faisant varier ce taux ont été identifiés. Conclusion : Plusieurs facteurs (personnels, lié aux traitements, sociaux) influençant l’assiduité aux interventions psychosociales chez les personnes atteintes de troubles psychotiques ont été identifiés. De plus, le faible taux d’abandon obtenu démontre bien la faisabilité clinique de ce type d’intervention. S’ajoutant à l’efficacité déjà bien démontrée de certaines modalités d’intervention psychosociales, le taux d’assiduité à ces mêmes modalités constitue un argument supplémentaire pour en assurer la disponibilité aux personnes atteintes d’un trouble psychotique. / Abstract Aims : This report suggest investigating the compliance in the psychosocial treatment among persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorder by answering three questions : 1- What are factors influencing compliance in the psychosocial treatment among persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorder? 2- Are they comparable to factors influencing compliance with pharmacological treatment? 3- What is the dropout rate of the psychosocial treatment and which are the factors which make vary this rate? Methods : A systematic review allowed to make the synthesis of factors influencing the compliance in the medication from the systematic reviews published on the subject and to establish factors influencing the compliance in the psychosocial treatment from the reasons of drop-out specified in the published randomized clinical trials. A meta-analysis allowed to combine clinical trials reporting drop-out and so to establish a rate. Results : We listed 92 clinical trials randomized on the psychosocial treatment among persons suffering from schizophrenia spectrum disorder , of this number 43 allowed to list the reasons of drop-out. The reasons of drop-out turn out mainly related to the disease and related to the accessibility, the continuity and the quality of the care and the services. A 13 % dropout rate was obtained from the aggregation of 74 studies in the meta-analysis. Factors making vary this rate were identified. Conclusions: Several factors which influence the compliance in the psychosocial treatment among persons suffering from schizophrenia spectrum disorders are identified. Furthermore, the low drop-out rate calculated demonstrates well the clinical feasibility of this type of treatment. Being added to the efficiency already well demonstrated by certain psychosocial modalities of treatnebt, the compliance rate in these same modalities establishes an additional argument to assure the availability among persons suffering from schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

Résumé en français Objectifs : Ce mémoire propose d’explorer l’assiduité aux interventions psychosociales chez les personnes atteintes de troubles psychotiques en répondant à trois questions : 1- Quels sont les facteurs influençant l’assiduité aux interventions psychosociales pour une clientèle atteinte de troubles psychotiques? 2- Sont-ils comparables aux facteurs influençant l’observance à la médication? 3- Quel est le taux d’abandon des interventions psychosociales et quels sont les facteurs qui font varier ce taux? Méthodes : Cette étude a permis de faire la synthèse des facteurs influençant l’observance à la médication à partir des revues systématiques publiées sur le sujet, et d’établir les facteurs influençant l’assiduité aux interventions psychosociales à partir des raisons d’abandon citées dans les essais cliniques randomisés publiés. Une méta-analyse a permis de combiner les essais cliniques rapportant les abandons et ainsi d’en établir un taux. Résultats : Nous avons répertorié 92 essais cliniques randomisés sur les interventions psychosociales avec les personnes atteintes de troubles psychotiques. De ce nombre, 43 ont permis de répertorier les raisons d’abandon. Les raisons d’abandon s’avèrent principalement liées à la maladie et liées à l’accessibilité, la continuité et la qualité des soins et services. Un taux d’abandon de 13% a été obtenu à partir de l’agrégation de 74 études dans la méta-analyse. Des facteurs faisant varier ce taux ont été identifiés. Conclusion : Plusieurs facteurs (personnels, lié aux traitements, sociaux) influençant l’assiduité aux interventions psychosociales chez les personnes atteintes de troubles psychotiques ont été identifiés. De plus, le faible taux d’abandon obtenu démontre bien la faisabilité clinique de ce type d’intervention. S’ajoutant à l’efficacité déjà bien démontrée de certaines modalités d’intervention psychosociales, le taux d’assiduité à ces mêmes modalités constitue un argument supplémentaire pour en assurer la disponibilité aux personnes atteintes d’un trouble psychotique. / Abstract Aims : This report suggest investigating the compliance in the psychosocial treatment among persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorder by answering three questions : 1- What are factors influencing compliance in the psychosocial treatment among persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorder? 2- Are they comparable to factors influencing compliance with pharmacological treatment? 3- What is the dropout rate of the psychosocial treatment and which are the factors which make vary this rate? Methods : A systematic review allowed to make the synthesis of factors influencing the compliance in the medication from the systematic reviews published on the subject and to establish factors influencing the compliance in the psychosocial treatment from the reasons of drop-out specified in the published randomized clinical trials. A meta-analysis allowed to combine clinical trials reporting drop-out and so to establish a rate. Results : We listed 92 clinical trials randomized on the psychosocial treatment among persons suffering from schizophrenia spectrum disorder , of this number 43 allowed to list the reasons of drop-out. The reasons of drop-out turn out mainly related to the disease and related to the accessibility, the continuity and the quality of the care and the services. A 13 % dropout rate was obtained from the aggregation of 74 studies in the meta-analysis. Factors making vary this rate were identified. Conclusions: Several factors which influence the compliance in the psychosocial treatment among persons suffering from schizophrenia spectrum disorders are identified. Furthermore, the low drop-out rate calculated demonstrates well the clinical feasibility of this type of treatment. Being added to the efficiency already well demonstrated by certain psychosocial modalities of treatnebt, the compliance rate in these same modalities establishes an additional argument to assure the availability among persons suffering from schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

Alterations in self-experience is a relatively omitted topic in czech literature. For that reason, the following diploma thesis deals with this issue, in relation to unipolar depression and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The thesis is divided into two parts - theoretical and practical part of the research. Each chapter of the theoretical part summarizes the crucial information about schizophrenia and other disorders from schizophrenia spectrum that later appears in the research sample - as well as depression. The chapter describes symptomatology, diagnostics, epidemiology, etiopathogenesis and the treatment of the abovementioned disorders. Hereafter, the subject of alterations in self-experience is introduced and the two main phenomenologically oriented approaches to this phenomena. After that, the concrete manifestations of alterations in self-experience in schizophrenic disorders and depression are outlined. The concluding chapter of the theoretical part provides a brief account of the most famous methods in the research that focuses on alterations in self-experience. The research part of the thesis includes two sections. The first one aims to compare the changes in the experience of self in schizophrenic disorders and depression. For this purpose, the newly developed Self-disturbances Scale....