Thesis: Ph. D. in History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology and Society (HASTS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Science, Technology and Society, 2019 / Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references (pages 318-333). / This dissertation is an ethnographic study of reproductive travel between Turkey and Northern Cyprus. Based on interviews and observations primarily carried out in a private In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) clinic in Northern Cyprus, between November 2014 and January 2016, it investigates how and why Turkish couples travel to the Turkish-speaking part of the island of Cyprus to access biomedical reproductive services - namely, donor gametes and sex selection through pre-implantation genetic diagnosis - that are legally unavailable in Turkey. By combining anthropology of secrecy with feminist studies of assisted reproductive technologies, this dissertation argues that Turkey's ban on gamete donation has helped to normalize IVF in the country by reinforcing the heteronormative nuclear family ideal: that is, if gamete donation is unavailable to Turkish people, then married couples who conceive using IVF are presumed to be genetically related to their children. / However, I argue further that this normalization of IVF is only able to rest upon the national ban on gamete donation so long as access to donor gametes continues to be available - transnationally and clandestinely facilitated through a network of inter-clinical and inter-lab relations between Turkey and Northern Cyprus that have been formed over the last decade. In other words, these travels constitute a discursive and geographical space at the margins of, but fully integral to, Turkish reproductive biopolitics, in which secrecy is essential to diverse actors (including couples, egg donors, clinics, and the Turkish state) for multiple reasons. This ethnographic study of reproductive travels connecting Turkey and Northern Cyprus complicates the familiar analysis of transnational reproductive inequalities by demonstrating the plurality of Turkish experience. In doing so, it also extends the non-western scope of anthropological studies of transnational reproductive travel. / By adding a transnational dimension to the study of national reproductive politics, this dissertation reveals the ways in which Turkey's current ideological, social and economic transformations shape the dynamics for the materialdiscursive (re)making of borders and boundaries of both Turkish families and the Turkish-nation in the Northern Cypriot IVF clinics. / by Burcu Mutlu. / Ph. D. in History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology and Society (HASTS) / Ph.D.inHistory,Anthropology,andScience,TechnologyandSociety(HASTS) Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Science, Technology and Society

This work is a historically situated ethnography of the rise in psychiatric discourses in Iran since the 1990s. It explores the trajectory of emerging psychiatric selves in the convergence of the social and the psychological. I examine psychiatric mindsets, the ways different sectors of the society embody, internalize, and modify psychiatric discourses to articulate and understand their distinct generational experiences and sedimented anxieties. Generational in my inquiry has to do with the way different generations experiences the 1980s, the Iran-Iraq war, new forms of citizenship and the politicization of their bodies and minds. This ethnography is interdisciplinary, intimate and multi-sited. Its areas include medical training and practice, neuroscientific explanatory models for mental illness and it treatment, biomedical modes of thinking versus psycho-dynamic ones, the subjective experience of being or wanting to be medicated, the historical trajectory of the field of psychiatry in the 2 0 th century Iran and its knowledge communities, cultural material such as cinema and literature, shifting gendered and gendering paradigms of motherhood, biomedical modernization, and the discursive processes that give rise to emerging psychiatric selves. The 1990s paradigm shift is a significant pretext to the emergence of spaces in literature, art and particularly Persian blogs, where belated articulation and dialogical reconstruction of traumatic memory create forms of identification, and grounds for making sense of the past in order to heal, cope and move on. / by Orkideh Behrouzan. / Thesis (Ph. D. in History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology and Society (HASTS))--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Science, Technology and Society, 2010. / "September 2010." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 268-278).

Thesis (M.S. in Computer Science)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009. / Thesis Advisor(s): Lundy, Bert ; Fulp, J. D. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 27, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: authentication, identity, OpenID, Infocard, SAML, WS-Federation, PKI, National Authentication Framework. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-62). Also available in print.

Kybernetes 35 (3/4) (2006) 547-566 / Purpose: The mismatches between political discourse and military momentum in the American handling of the Cuban missile crisis are explained by using the model of the potential autopoiesis of subsystems. Under wartime conditions, the codes of political and military communications can increasingly be differentiated. Design/methodology/approach: The model of a further differentiation between political and military power is developed on the basis of a detailed description of the Cuban missile crisis. We introduce the concept of a “semi-dormant autopoiesis” for the difference in the dynamics between peacetime and wartime conditions. Findings: Several dangerous incidents during the crisis can be explained by a sociocybernetic model focusing on communication and control, but not by using an organization-theoretical approach. The further differentiation of the military as a subsystem became possible in the course of the twentieth century because of ongoing learning processes about previous wars. Practical implications: Politicians should not underestimate autonomous military processes or the significance of standing orders. In order to continually produce communications within the military, communication partners are needed that stand outside of the hierarchy, and this role can be fulfilled by an enemy. A reflexively imagined enemy can thus reinforce the autopoiesis of the military subsystem. Originality/value: The paper shows that civilian control over military affairs has become structurally problematic and offers a sociocybernetic explanation of the missile crisis. The potential alternation in the dynamics under peacetime and wartime.

The quantitative study of scientific communication challenges science and technology studies by demonstrating that organized knowledge production and control is amenable to measurement. First, the various dimensions of the empirical study of the sciences are clarified in a methodological analysis of theoretical traditions, including the sociology of scientific knowledge and neo-conventionalism in the philosophy of science. Second, the author argues why the mathematical theory of communication enables us to address crucial problems in science and technology studies, both on the qualitative side (e.g., the significance of a reconstruction) and on the quantitative side (e.g., the prediction of indicators). A comprehensive set of probabilistic entropy measures for studying complex developments in networks is elaborated. In the third part of the study, applications to S&T policy questions (e.g., the emergence of a European R&D system), to problems of (Bayesian) knowledge representations, and to the study of the sciences in terms of 'self-organizing' paradigms of scientific communication are provided. A discussion of directions for further research concludes the study.

The (neo-)evolutionary model of a Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations focuses on the overlay of expectations, communications, and interactions that potentially feed back on the institutional arrangements among the carrying agencies. From this perspective, the evolutionary perspective in economics can be complemented with the reflexive turn from sociology. The combination provides a richer understanding of how knowledge-based systems of innovation are shaped and reconstructed. The communicative capacities of the carrying agents become crucial to the systemâ s further development, whereas the institutional arrangements (e.g., national systems) can be expected to remain under reconstruction. The tension of the differentiation no longer needs to be resolved, since the network configurations are reproduced by means of translations among historically changing codes. Some methodological and epistemological implications for studying innovation systems are explicated.

Research Policy 35(2), 2006, 181-199 / Can the knowledge base of an economy be measured? In this study, we combine the perspective of regional economics on the interrelationships among technology, organization, and territory with the triple-helix model, and offer the mutual information in three dimensions as an indicator of the configuration. When this probabilistic entropy is negative, the configuration reduces the uncertainty that prevails at the systems level. Data about more than a million Dutch companies are used for testing the indicator. The data contain postal codes (geography), sector codes (proxy for technology), and firm sizes in terms of number of employees (proxy for organization). The configurations are mapped at three levels: national (NUTS-1), provincial (NUTS-2), and regional (NUTS-3). The levels are cross-tabled with the knowledge-intensive sectors and services. The results suggest that medium-tech sectors contribute to the knowledge base of an economy more than high-tech ones. Knowledge-intensive services have an uncoupling effect, but less so at the high-tech end of these services.

The use of Pearsonâ s correlation coefficient in Author Cocitation Analysis was compared with Saltonâ s cosine measure in a number of recent contributions. Unlike the Pearson correlation, the cosine is insensitive to the number of zeros. However, one has the option of applying a logarithmic transformation in correlation analysis. Information calculus is based on both the logarithmic transformation and provides a non-parametric statistics. Using this methodology one can cluster a document set in a precise way and express the differences in terms of bits of information. The algorithm is explained and used on the data set which was made the subject of this discussion.

No description available.

In bibliometric data lie opportunities to develop indicators relevant to central concerns of new theories of innovation, specifically networks within and between national systems, and variety and diversity of capability. The data can make a unique contribution to pictures compiled from multiple sources, providing an unrivalled objective, disaggregated and internationally comparable time series signature of networks and capabilities. In this paper, we present what we call systemic bibliometric indicators to distinguish our disaggregated, network-focused, time series approach from classical bibliometrics. On average, the British innovation system participates in 9% of the publications produced by the global innovation system and 28.5% of those publications involving an EU institution. Its participation is approximately 20% greater than the German innovation system and 70% greater than the French system. UK innovation system papers have slightly less impact on the global innovation system than US innovation system papers but more impact than any of the other innovation systems we have examined. The growth in impact of UK research on the global world-wide research system is the same as the Germany system, less than the US system and greater than the remaining innovation systems. The distribution of the top twenty scientific subfields world-wide is quite different from the distribution in the global system and other innovation systems. Five of the worldâ s top twenty subfields (applied physics, condensed matter physics, analytical chemistry, physiology and cardiovascular systems) are not ranked in the top twenty UK subfields. The size distribution of scientific subfields suggests that the British innovation system has its own unique characteristics.