The men and women who appear in this thesis are partof the first generation in the history of Europe to debatewidely and to reject religious belief. In Victoria theywere isolated from the main scenes of the struggle, theirnumbers were relatively insignificant, they made no originalor very influential contributions to the arguments,yet for them, a part of Europe on this tiny colonial stage,the drama was no less demanding on their consciences. Butbecause the stage was smaller, the central issues of thedebate emerge more clearly and simply than they do inEngland and America. By studying a microcosm of the controversyover "Religion and Science" in Victoria, we cangain some idea of the causes, and the magnitude of thegreat disturbance of belief that swept through the Christianworld in the later part of the Nineteenth Century.

This thesis explores the role of Quaker women in science in an attempt to arrive at some understanding of what motivated Quaker women in nineteenth century America to go into the sciences. George Fox founded the Society of Friends in the mid-seventeenth century in England and the Quaker theology centered on the concept of the Inner Light, which is the idea that everyone has the capacity to perceive, recognize, and respond to God. Following their Inner Light to find God, Quakers also referred to themselves as "seekers of truth." Additionally, Quakers have believed since their inception in the equality between men and women. Given the Quaker desire to pursue truth and their belief that women have the same capacity to do so as men, it is not surprising that there were a number of Quaker women in science. Through an examination of three Quaker women in science, I discuss the Quaker influences in their lives and works with the larger goal of demonstrating the inherent connections that exist between Quaker theology and the pursuit of science in the nineteenth century. One such connection lies within the tradition of natural theology, which was prevalent in the larger scientific community in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The connection that is unique to Quakers, though, relates to their idea of the search for truth, which led many Quakers to employ scientific methods. The three Quaker women examined in this study, astronomer Maria Mitchell, naturalist Graceanna Lewis, and medical doctor Ann Preston, were all truth-seekers in some sense who wanted to find evidence of God's work within nature. / Graduation date: 2005

Orientador: Silvia Fernanda de Mendonça Figueirôa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T00:12:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AssisJunior_Heitorde_D.pdf: 8773337 bytes, checksum: 79aa03cc23c97d2f3e92199e46a93f24 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Esta tese de doutorado traz informações a respeito do pintor José dos Reis Carvalho e sua produção artística. Fez parte desta pesquisa as relações com Debret e com a Comissão Científica de Exploração das Províncias do Norte, ou seja, as influências do seu professor na Academia Imperial de Belas Artes e sua participação na primeira expedição científica genuinamente brasileira promovida pelo Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro. Reis Carvalho realizou diversas obras de cunho etnográfico documentando vestes e fisionomias dos habitantes do Rio de Janeiro, de onde também retratou edificações e equipamentos urbanos, dos quais, sob a influência do mestre Debret, destacou aspectos construtivos, técnicos e de funcionamento, assim como seus operadores. Durante a Comissão Científica de Exploração das Províncias do Norte, da qual participou entre fevereiro de 1859 até julho de 1861, realizou diversos desenhos e pinturas, orientados pelo botânico Freire Alemão (1797- 1874), pelo zoólogo Manoel Ferreira Lagos (1817-1871) e pelo geólogo Guilherme Schüch Capanema (1824-1908). Suas imagens parecem ilustrar diversas passagens dos escritos de Capanema e dos manuscritos de Freire Alemão, nas quais estes descrevem desde rochas e paisagens naturais, até vários tipos de cercas, construções de casas e mesmo, formas utilizadas pelos sertanejos para pendurar suas redes. Durante aquela empreitada, principalmente a aquarela foi utilizada na retratação dos elementos observados, de natureza geológica, etnográfica, técnica, botânica ou zoológica. Suas imagens incluem paisagens naturais que ressaltam características geológicas e botânicas, particularidades anatômicas de espécimes vegetais e animais, construções e povoações. Seus tipos humanos são mostrados sem idealização das fisionomias e realizando tarefas diárias, mediante utilização de artefatos e técnicas particulares de manejo. A confrontação de imagens permite notar que José dos Reis Carvalho também foi influenciado por pintores estrangeiros que acompanharam e participaram de expedições comandadas por cientistas viajantes durante o século XIX. Portanto, seu perfil iconográfico vai muito além daquele normalmente encontrado em bibliografias que o tratam como pintor de flores e naturezas mortas / Abstract: This doctorate thesis brings information about the painter José dos Reis Carvalho and his artistic production. It was part of this research his relations with Debret and with the Comissão Científica de Exploração das Províncias do Norte (Scientific Comission of Exploration of the Northern Provinces) - the influences of his teacher at the Academia Imperial de Belas Artes (Imperial Academy of Fine Arts) and his participation in the first scientific expedition genuinely Brazilian sponsored by the Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro (Brazilian Institute of History and Geography). Reis Carvalho has produced many works of etnographic features documenting clothes and physical characteristics of the inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro where he has also pictured buildings and urban equipments, of which, under Debret's influence, has pointed out aspects such as constructive, technical, and working, as well as their operators. When he participated in the Comissão Científica de Exploração das Províncias do Norte (Scientific Comission of Exploration of the Northern Provinces), between February 1859 and July 1861, he produced many drawings and paintings oriented by the botanist Freire Alemão (1797-1874), by the zoologist Manoel Ferreira Lagos (1817-1871), and by the geologist Guilherme Schüch Capanema (1824-1908). His images seem to illustrate several passages of Capanema's writings and of Freire Alemão's manuscripts, in which, these describe from rocks and natural landscapes to various kinds of fences, house structures, and even different ways the country people used to hang their hammocks. During that task the water color was most used to picture the observed elements of geologic nature. His images include natural landscapes that emphasize geologic and botanic features of vegetal and animal specimens, buildings and villages. His human types are shown without physiognomic pattern doing every day tasks and using artifacts and special handling technics. The confrontation of images allows the observation that José dos Reis Carvalho was also influenced by foreign painters who attended the expeditions led by traveller scientists during the nineteenth century. Therefore, his iconographic profile goes much beyond of that usually found in bibliographies that place him as a painter of flowers and still life / Doutorado / Ensino e Historia de Ciencias da Terra / Doutor em Ciências