I begin by examining Moore's notion of common sense because it is my contention that his work is not neatly separated; rather, his ethical and non-ethical philosophy have common sense as an underlying theme. For Moore, common sense was not reducible to indubitable, cracker-barrel wisdom; it is popularized science, what would be a matter of common sense if we were to take the trouble to learn. Moore's allegiance to science is the cord that connects his ethical and non-ethical work. In Principia Ethica, he attempts to introduce the spirit of scientific investigation into ethics. The 'naturalistic fallacy', to which special attention is given, is shown to be a guide to avoiding the error of essentialism, that is, of presuming that there is a unique good-making property or quality, common to all good things. Essentialism is rejected because it leads away from the open investigation characteristic of science, toward dogmatism. From this perspective, several popular criticisms of Moore's ethics are shown to be misguided. In the last chapter, an interpretation of Moore's non-naturalism based on my understanding of the naturalistic fallacy is given, that is quite different from the one most commonly accepted. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Thesis (MEd (Curriculum Studies)--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: Die prosevaardighede en die vermoë om ‘n wetenskaplike ondersoek uit te voer deur graad nege leerlinge, is ondersoek. Die begrip van hierdie vaardighede, byvoorbeeld waarneming, meting en data versameling, sowel as die beredenerings wyses tydens die oordrag van die bevindinge (resultate) van die ondersoek, is ook geëvalueer. Die proses in totaliteit is geëvalueer deur die gebruik van drie take insluitende geskrewe ondersoeke, onderhoude en waarnemings. Twee-en veertig Natuurwetenskap leerlinge van die primêre skool het aan die ondersoek deelgeneem. Die geskrewe ondersoek was die grondslag (fundamentele) aktiwiteit om die leerlinge se begrip van ‘n wetenskaplike ondersoek te evaluur. Die onderhoude was onderverdeel in vyf afdelings insluitende die doel, die belangrikheid, die voordele van die verstaan van prosesvaardighede, sowel as die probleme en uitdagings ondervind terwyl die leerlinge aktief betrokke was by of self besig was met die uitvoering van wetenskaplike ondersoeke. Die meerdeheid data (inligting) was verkry deur die waarneming van leerlinge wat saamwerk tydens die uitvoering van die ondersoekeie ondersoeke. ‘n Ontleding van die leerlinge se prestasie in die opdragte, individueel, sowel as in groep verband is gedoen. ‘n Ontleding van die leerlinge prestasie het getoon dat min leerlinge voldoende (bevredigende) begrip toon aangaande data (inligting) versameling en die oordra (kommunikasie) van die bevindinge (resultate). Die resultate van die ontleding onthul (toon) dat die gedeeltelike bereiking van die vereistes vir die uitvoering van ‘n wetenskaplike ondersoek die norm was. Hierdie leerlinge se waarnemings en meetings was onakkuraat, kon slegs sommige veranderlikes identifiseer, het slegs basiese wyses gebruik om die inligting (data) te versamel en te verwerk, en die oordrag (kommunikasie) van resultate was onvoldoende. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research study explored Grade 9 learners’ process skills and their ability to conduct a scientific investigation. The understanding of these skills, for example observation, measurement and data collection, that these learners drew upon, and the way they reasoned while communicating their findings in the investigation, were also examined. This whole process was evaluated using three tools: a written survey, interviews, and observations of 42 Natural Sciences learners at the primary school. The written survey was the base-line tool to evaluate the learners’ understanding of scientific investigation. The interviews were done in five categories: the purpose of scientific investigation, the role and the advantages of understanding process skills, the problems and challenges encountered when learners are performing scientific investigations and experiences gained in conducting a scientific investigation. The main body of data was obtained from observing learners working cooperatively in the actual process of conducting scientific investigations. An analysis of their performance of tasks, both individually and as part of the group, was conducted. An analysis of the sample of learners’ performances revealed that few learners display a satisfactory understanding of how to collect data and communicate their findings. Instead, only a partial achievement of the requirements of conducting a scientific investigation was the norm. These learners observed and measured inaccurately, identified only some variables, established only simple trends in the process of collecting data, and did not form enough structure to communicate their findings.

Introducción: En la época de la medicina basada en evidencia, la investigación científica adquiere más importancia en la formación y el ejercicio de la práctica médica; además de presentar múltiples beneficios para el investigador. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar si realizar publicaciones durante el pregrado está asociado a publicar como graduado de la escuela de Medicina. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo realizado a partir de las publicaciones de médicos graduados de la escuela de Medicina de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC) durante los años 2013-2017. Se incluyeron en el estudio a los médicos cuyas tesis estén publicadas en el repositorio académico de la universidad. Las publicaciones científicas se obtuvieron mediante una búsqueda sistemática en Pubmed y Google Scholar. Se realizó un modelo de regresión de Poisson para calcular el Riesgo Relativo (RR) crudo y ajustado a posibles variables confusoras. Resultados: Se incluyeron en el análisis a 249 participantes. El 72% publicó al menos una vez durante pregrado, el 27% publicó al menos una vez como graduado. Se encontró un RR de 1.1 (IC :1.005-1.19) con respecto a publicar durante pregrado. Un RR de 1.03 (IC: 1.02-1.05) por cada artículo publicado durante pregrado. Conclusiones: La proporción de estudiantes de medicina de UPC que publican en revistas científicas es alto. Haber publicado durante pregrado aumenta la probabilidad de publicar como graduado en un 10%. De la misma manera este porcentaje se incremente en 3% por cada artículo publicado durante pregrado. / Background: In Evidence based medicine times, scientific research has become more important in education of medical practice. The aim of this research is to determine whether publishing during undergraduate years is associated to the publication of papers as a graduate of the school of medicine Methods: Retrospective cohort study carried out from publications of medical doctors graduated from the medical school of Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC) during 2013-2017. Graduated whose theses are published in the university's academic repository were included in the study. Scientific publications were obtained by searching Pubmed and Google Scholar. A Poisson regression model was performed to calculate the crude and adjusted relative risk (RR) Results: A total of 249 participants were included in the analysis. 72% published at least once while being undergraduate and 27% published at least once as a graduate. A RR of 1.1 (CI: 1.005-1.19) was found with respect to publishing during undergraduate. A RR of 1.03(CI: 1.02-1.05) for each article published while being undergraduate. Conclusions: The proportion of UPC medical students who publish in scientific journals is high. Having published while being undergraduate increases the probability of publishing as a graduate by 10%, for each article published while being undergraduate this probability increases by 3%. / Tesis

La démarche scientifique (ou expérimentale) en milieu scolaire nécessite des savoir-faire expérimentaux qui ne s’acquièrent habituellement qu’en présentiel, c’est-à-dire en laboratoire institutionnel où l’enseignant ou le technicien sont présents et peuvent, à tout moment, assister pleinement l’apprenant dans sa démarche d’investigation scientifique et technologique. Ils peuvent l’orienter, le diriger, susciter sa réflexion, faire des démonstrations réelles ou contrôler son expérimentation en lui montrant comment paramétrer les outils d’expérimentation assistée par ordinateur (ExAO). Pour répondre aux besoins de la formation à distance, cette recherche de développement en didactique des sciences et de la technologie propose de mettre à la disposition des apprenants et des enseignants un environnement de laboratoire informatisé, contrôlé et assisté à distance. Cet environnement, axé sur un microlaboratoire d’ExAO (MicrolabExAO), que nous avons nommé Ex@O pour le distinguer, a été testé de manière fonctionnelle, puis évalué en situation réelle par des étudiants-maîtres et des élèves de l’éducation des adultes qui ont pratiqué et expérimenté la démarche scientifique, en situation de laboratoire réel, mais à distance. Pour ce faire, nous avons couplé le logiciel MicrolabExAO à un logiciel de prise en main à distance avec outils audio et vidéo (Teamviewer). De plus, nous avons créé et inséré, dans le logiciel MicrolabExAO, une aide en ligne pour télécharger et faciliter la prise en main à distance. Puisque cet environnement Ex@O permet de multiplier les contacts des apprenants avec une expérimentation concrète, ce prototype répond bien à l’un des objectifs du Programme de formation de l’école québécoise (PFEQ) qui est de rendre l’apprenant plus actif dans ses apprentissages. Et parce que ce premier prototype d’environnement Ex@O permet d’effectuer des activités en laboratoire à distance, nous avons pu vérifier qu’il met aussi l’accent, non seulement sur les savoirs, mais également sur les savoir-faire expérimentaux en sciences et technologie, traditionnellement développés dans les locaux des laboratoires institutionnels. Notons ici que la démarche expérimentale s’acquiert très majoritairement en laboratoire en pratiquant, souvent et régulièrement, le processus inductif et déductif propre à cette démarche. Cette pratique de la démarche expérimentale, à distance, avec la technologie Ex@O qui l’accompagne, nous a permis de vérifier que celle-ci était possible, voire comparable à la réalisation, pas-à-pas, d’un protocole expérimental effectué dans un laboratoire institutionnel. / In the school environment, the scientific (or experimental) approach requires experimental «savoir-faire» which is usually acquired in presential, that is to say in an institutional laboratory where the teacher or technician are present and may, at any time, fully assist the learner in his inquiry-based scientific and technological approach. The teacher or technician can direct, guide and stimulate the learner’s thinking, to do live demonstrations and control experiment by showing the learner how to configures the computer assisted experimentation (expérimentation assistée par ordinateur or ExAO) tools. To meet the needs of distance learning, the R&D in science and technology education, provides learners and teachers with a computer laboratory environment, controlled and attended to from a distance. In order to distinguish between the remote computer lab environment and the ExAO microlaboratory, we named our environment Ex@O. It was first tested in order to werify its functionality and it was then evaluated in classroom situations by student teachers and students of adult education who practiced and experienced the scientific approach. This was done with a computer laboratory environment, but from a distance. To achieve this, we combine the MicrolabExAO software with a grip remote, and audio and video tools (Teamviewer). In addition, we have create and included in the MicrolabExAO software, online help in order to facilitate the download and the grip remote laboratory. Because of Ex@O, the learner benefits from increased contacts with concrete experiments. In doing so, the Ex@O prototype meets the objectives of the « Programme de formation de l’école québécoise » (PFEQ), which is to increase the learner’s active participation in his learnings. With the first version of Ex@O prototype, where the learner can perform activities in remote laboratory, we were able to verify that it also focuses not only on knowledge, but also the experimental science and technology « savoir-faire », traditionally developed in institutional laboratories. Note here that the experimental approach is acquired almost exclusively in the laboratory practicing, often and on a regular basis, both inductive and deductive processes which are specific to this approach. The practice of the experimental approach from a distance with the Ex@O technology, has enabled us to verify that it was possible, even comparable to a real, step-by-step, experimental protocol traditionally conducted in an institutional laboratory.