Sub-state nationalist parties mobilised and saw an increase in electoral support in the 1960s and 1970s. A heterogeneous group of parties, they are united by their claims upon the state in favour of self-government. However, sub-state nationalist parties advance a variety of goals, ranging from more moderate forms of recognition and cultural or political autonomy, to more radical restructuring of the state along federal lines, to even more radical demands for political independence. The language, content, and arguments in favour of these goals varies - both between parties and within individual parties - over time. As a result, we know less than we should about self-government goals themselves. This research asks two core questions. Firstly, what do sub-state nationalist parties want? And more importantly, operating from the assumption that sub-state nationalist parties are strategic actors, how do their goals reflect strategic considerations, understanding of the contexts in which they are expressed, and their historical positions? By comparing three cases, a third question can be explored, assessing the ways in which variation in the empirical contexts in which these goals are articulated may manifest in variation in the framing of self-government goals. In this research, I argue the self-government goal presented by a given sub-state nationalist party can be considered a reflection of the 'art of the possible', a pragmatic articulation of what might be achieved under a system of constraints rather than the single-minded pursuit of self-government, regardless of its costs and consequences. In order to fully capture the complexity of self-government goals and the contexts in which they are expressed, three case studies, in two territorial contexts, are studied in depth. The first is the Scottish National Party, which seeks political independence for Scotland. The other two are parties which emerged in Flanders, the Volksunie, which existed between 1954 and 2001, and its successor, the Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie. These cases represent some of the most successful sub-state nationalist parties, both in electoral terms, particularly in recent years, and arguably in making progress towards their self-government goals.

This thesis examines family formation in Scotland, with a focus on having a first birth. I argue that fertility behaviour must be researched as part of a process of family formation across the life course and informed by the conceptual framework of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Starting from geographical patterns in fertility rates, housing and partnership, I establish relationships between shared social attitudes, partnership, housing, and family formation behaviour. I use cross-sectional and panel data from the Scottish Social Attitude Survey, the Scottish Census, the Scottish Longitudinal Study and the British Household Panel Study. The methodological contribution lies in the use of a Latent Class Analysis to identify shared social attitudes groups, which are then incorporated in more generic models predicting fertility intentions and first birth outcomes. The findings indicate that social attitudes and norms are important for family formation. While the Second Demographic Transition Theory argued that social norms are being replaced by more independent choices, more recent fertility literature has called for more attention to social norms. The current thesis thus supports these recent calls by showing how social norms might be (indirectly) measured in quantitative research. A key focus is on relationships between housing and family formation, especially normative ideas of 'proper' family housing. I demonstrate that family housing is a significant predictor of first births, at least for women. The gendered nature of family formation is also demonstrated by the different indicators found to predict men's and women's fertility intentions and realisations. I conclude that improved understanding of fertility behaviour requires longitudinal research that goes beyond the usual fertility indicators such as partnership and recognises the importance of gender differences, housing, shared social attitudes, and, above all, the continuing relevance of social norms in the family formation process.

The extensive collection of Iron Age pottery from antiquarian investigations of Atlantic Roundhouse sites in Caithness, Sutherland and the Small Isles (Inner Hebrides) provided an ideal opportunity to address several gaps in the academic understanding of pottery sequences outwith the Western Isles (Outer Hebrides). Until now no work of this kind for Caithness or Sutherland has been conducted, and the material culture of Skye and the Inner Hebrides has been subsumed largely into the broader sequences of their more westerly neighbours. The aim of the thesis is twofold. Firstly, to establish pottery sequences for three sub-regions of Atlantic Scotland; Northern Mainland, Western Mainland and Skye and Small Isles, using both antiquarian material and pottery from recent excavations. This comprises the first five chapters of the thesis. And secondly, within the following three chapters, utilizing two pieces of experimental research and a series of case studies, the author explores the social narrative of the ceramic assemblage, ultimately to better understand technological and cultural aspects of pot making and use.

No description available.

This thesis examines a much neglected area of Scottish building and construction history, brickwork. It will be conclusively shown that brick has seen far more widespread use in Scottish buildings than has been appreciated to date. This is true not just in terms of the range of building types which have been found to incorporate brick into their construction but also when the geographical spread of these buildings is considered. It will also be shown that in the period the research covers, 1700-1900, brickwork in Scotland underwent a series of technical developments. This saw brick transformed from a material used in a limited capacity for specific purposes such as garden wall construction and ice houses in the early 18th century to one which, by 1900, saw extensive use in the construction of housing, industrial buildings and engineered structures. Specific technical developments within areas of brick construction have also emerged. This can be seen in areas as diverse as bond, the height to which four courses of brickwork rise, arch construction and cavity walling. The technical developments within Scottish brickwork are considerable and this thesis represents the first comprehensive analysis of these. In addition to demonstrating the extent of the use of the material and the considerable technical developments there within, this thesis will present substantial evidence in support of the view that Scotland developed specific craft practices in using brick which are not reflected in contemporary technical reference works. This is most significant in the bonding of brickwork with a specifically Scottish bond being dominant in the 19th century. Survey work of surviving buildings will also show that there was a specifically Scottish gauge of brickwork when measuring the height to which four courses rose. Other differences in craft practice can be seen when the construction of brickwork at an angle other than 90 degrees and arch construction are examined to give but two examples. This thesis will also present evidence for a number of areas. When brick making is considered new evidence is presented to both the extent of the industry in Scotland which can be seen to be more extensive both in the 18th and 19th centuries than has previously been appreciated, and also for specific Scottish developments in kilns and brick making machines. The influence which developments in manufacturing had on the use of brick will also be demonstrated. Finally, it will be shown that, whilst Scottish brickwork often served functional requirements, this was never entirely true and the use of brick in this country can be shown to have a decorative as well as functional element to it. As the first comprehensive examination of brickwork in Scotland this thesis presents a wide ranging view of both the extent of the use of the material and the developments therein. By so doing, brick can begin to receive the level of analysis and understanding that has hitherto been lacking and be rightfully considered an integral part of Scottish construction between 1700-1900.

Thesis (M.A.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2005. / Bibliography: leaves 271-294.

Walter's Scott's novel Waverley depicts Scotland as a picturesque country, which produces a distinctive and romantic picture with incorporating the local elements: Scottish natural landscape, the heroic Jacobites, the bardic tradition and Gaelic culture. Scott¡¦s picturesque representation of a romantic Scotland, built upon the mixture of romance and history, achieves two goals: it offers the Scots an idealized Scottish nation while making Scotland¡¦s participation in the Union with England palatable to both the Scots and the English, giving the Scots an authentic image of their own country and the English a tourist destination of picturesque beauty. Chapter one defines the term ¡§picturesque,¡¨ discusses its changing meanings as an aesthetic category, and introduces the general picturesque experience of Scotland. Chapter two discusses Scott¡¦s use of the picturesque in Waverley and its concomitant paradoxes in Scott¡¦s idealization of a British nation. Chapter three focuses on the romanticizing of the Scottish landscape as well as on how the image supported Romantic nationalism. That romantic picture of a Gaelic Scotland then turned into the set picturesque view that tourists had of Scotland, even before they actually traveled there. The illustrated editions of Scott¡¦s novels played a major role in turning Scotland into ¡§Scott-land,¡¨ a country made up of a novelist¡¦s ambition and imagination.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 1897. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-159).

The Cambrian Eriboll Formation exposed in the footwall of the Moine Thrust, NW Scotland, provides a suitable outcrop analog for naturally fractured tight-gas sandstone reservoirs. Previous studies distinguished five regional sets of quartz-lined or quartz-filled macrofractures (>10 m in opening displacement) that have the following strikes, from oldest to youngest, N, NW to WNE, NE, EW, and NNE (set A through set E), respectively (Laubach and Diaz-Tushman, 2009). Crosscutting relations among microfractures imaged by scanning electron microscope cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL) indicate that microfracture sets follow the same age sequence as macrofractures. Macrofractures >100 m wide are characterized by crack-seal textures interpreted to reflect multiple generations of fracture opening and cemention. In contrast, multiple stages of fracture opening and sealing are not observed in thinner microfractures. Microfractures in the Eriboll Formation are completely to partially filled with quartz cement. Microfractures contain trails of fluid inclusions trapped during fracture cement precipitation. Using microthermometry, I determined that set A microfractures have the highest range in trapping temperature of all sets, ranging from 175°C to 222°C. Fluid inclusion trapping temperatures in set B range between 181°C and 183°C, in set C between 132°C and 143°C, and in set D between 128°C to 188°C. Fluid inclusion assemblages (FIAs) of set E fluid inclusions recorded the lowest temperatures between 79°C and 91°C. Fluid inclusion microthermometric data shows a wide range of up to 46°C in homogenization temperatures for all fluid inclusion assemblages. I attribute this wide range to a combination of (1) partial re-equilibration of inclusions by later thermal events, (2) protracted sealing of microfractures under changing burial temperature conditions, and (3) repeated opening and sealing of microfractures without a recognizable textural record of crack-seal. I interpret the lowest temperature, after pressure correction in each FIA, to record the temperature of initial fracture opening and refer to this as the initial trapping temperature Ti. Initial trapping temperatures (Ti) of 22 fluid inclusion assemblages (FIAs) in different microfracture sets record an overall decrease in temperatures from set A to set E. Based on the fluid inclusion trapping temperatures, I determined the duration of microfracture opening and sealing in comparison with the reconstructed thermal history of the Eriboll Formation. This comparison suggests that microfracture sets A through set E formed between 445 Ma to 205 Ma. Set A formed before the emplacement of the Moine Thrust. Set B and set C formed shortly after the emplacement of the Moine Thrust during Early Silurian times, and set D and set E formed during the subsequent uplift and cooling. The wide range in initial trapping temperature Ti for sets A and D suggests that these fracture sets formed over periods spanning 25 Ma and 30 Ma, respectively. Shorter times are indicated for sets B, C, and E. Long periods of fracture formation are also consistent with a 4°C range in fluid inclusion ice melting temperatures, suggesting fluid inclusion trapping and thus repeated opening and sealing of microfractures as pore fluid composition changed over time. These findings indicate that microfractures could remain open in deep basin settings for geologically long periods of time providing potential pathways for fluids in otherwise poorly conductive sedimentary sequences. / text

The designation of World Heritage Sites (WHS) by UNESCO is the principal international and formally recognised strategy allowing the conservation of sites of outstanding cultural value throughout the world. This study demonstrates that soils and sediments influenced by cultural activities retain cultural records (soils and sediments-based cultural records, hereafter abbreviated to SSBCR) associated with WHS, and further the understanding and contribute to the cultural value of WHS. Considering The Heart of Neolithic Orkney WHS and its surrounding landscape as the study location, systematic fieldwork is combined with geoarchaeological analyses including soil organic matter content, pH, particle size distribution, phosphorus concentration, soil magnetism and thin section micromorphology to determine the nature of the SSBCR. Chronologies of the formation of SSBCR and of palaeo-environmental records were ascertained using radiocarbon analyses and optically stimulated luminescence analysis. Findings of particular importance to the interpretation of the WHS are the identification of a Late Neolithic SSBCR located between the WHS monuments. This SSBCR is a valuable cultural record of a specific Late Neolithic community and provides significant insight into the interaction between settlement and ritual aspects of the Orcadian Late Neolithic. An understanding of these interactions is of crucial importance to a fuller interpretation of the WHS and to the wider discussion of the Orcadian Neolithic. The implications of this research to other WHS designated for their cultural value are discussed, together with future conservation considerations for this specific WHS.